Discourse Analysis LITERATURE REVIEW

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents theories related to the research. The theories are taken from books, journals and websites about discourse analysis including seven building tasks of language and systemic functional grammar. Other supported theories are stuttering theory as psychological disorder and neurology to find the comparison in the standard treatment.

2.1 Discourse Analysis

The theory of discourse that is used in this research is the discourse analysis as a part of language use. Language is not mere matter of means of communication, but it also shows the identity of the speakers. It is described through the way the social group talks the street gang talks or the way the doctor talks, cultures Native American talks or African – American talks, or institution universities talk or government talks differ to each other. They have different style of language. Therefore, in this case, language shows the speaker‟s identity Gee, 2011. Gee emphasizes that language cannot only be used as only for communicating and knowing each other‟s intention, but also the identity of the speaker. When using certain type of language, the speaker actually shows hisher identity. In addition, the speaker also can change the way of speaking in a certain style of language. The examples of the style of language are given by Gee in the way the social group talks, cultural talks and institutional talks. Furthermore, the speaker can change the way heshe speaks to adjust with the environment heshe is engaged with. A discourse is a characteristic way of saying, doing, and being. When you speak or write anything, you use the resources of English to project yourself as a certain kind of person, a different kind in different PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI circumstances. You also project yourself as engaged in a certain practice or activity Gee, 2011. That is the way the discourse works. One person can share different styles of language depending on the circumstances that the person has. Indeed, it is important to adjust the style for being in one style of language; one person can be so outrageous when delivering hisher language to another style of language. Gee also states that “Language not only defines the information. Through the words or chunk of language, it can be used as the rule to practice what is written or spoken through language” Gee, 2011. Therefore, the language that is used can be in written and spoken form. The other theories support the previous theory above. Discourse that is in the form of written and spoken is structured as different patterns. I n many cases, underlying the word „discourse‟ is the general idea that language is structured according to different patterns that people‟s utterances follow when they take part in different domains of social life Jorgensen and Phillips, 2002. The term “pattern” means the style of language. The domains of social life represent the different context when the style of language is used. It depends on the circumstances that the language is used in different context. In a linguistic perspective, “discourse examines how humans use language to communicate and, in particular, how addressers construct linguistic messages for addresses and how addressees work on linguistic messages in order to interpret them” Brown Yule, 1983. Based on the previous explanation, language is used in many perspectives. It is called discourse analysis. It is about studying and analyzing the uses of language. In discourse analysis, language can be analyzed through the transcripts from interview, lyric, or movie, focus group, samples of conversation, published PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI literature, media and web based material. In other words, “discourse analysis studies how large chunks of language beyond the sentence level are organized, how the social transaction imposes a framework on discourse” Cutting, 2002. It has traditionally covered the topics of exchange structure. Or, it is how certain situations have fixed sequences in the overall framework of the exchange. The last is that conversation structure on how what one speaker says can influence the next speaker‟s response. 2.1.1 Written Text The object to analyze the discourse analysis is definitely the text. The text, in general, is “to refer to the verbal record of a communication act” Brown Yule, 1983. The text used is the text that is spoken or written. The written text is “the printed record that is familiar in the study of literature” Brown Yule, 1983. In the written text, the speaking part should be clear in order to understand the tone and intonation. “It is necessary to replicate punctuation conventions, as well as the lineati on, in which indicates the change of speaker” Brown Yule, 1983. Therefore, the written text should also show the technic in speaking so that the readers are able to know the dynamic in speaking. 2.1.2 Implicature Discourse analysis relates the study with the pragmatic study. Brown and Yule state that “such an approach brings into consideration a number of issues which do not generally receive much attention in the formal linguist‟s description of sentential syntax and semantics” Brown and Yule, 1983. Implicature, then, becomes the means to interpret the meaning of the utterances in the written form. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Implicature becomes the proper choice for the discourse analyst to start with the text to be analyzed. As a brief account of how the term „implicature‟ is used in discourse analysis, we have summarized the important points in Grice‟s proposal. We would like to emphasis the fact that the implicatures are pragmatic aspects of meaning and have certain identifiable characteristics. They are partially derived from the conventional or literal meaning of an utterance, produced in a specific context which is shared by the speaker and the hearer of the Cooperative Principle and its maxims Brown and Yule, 1983. An analyst should consider two things in analyzing the implicature in the text. They are the conventional and literal meaning of an utterance and the specific context which is shared by the speaker and the hearer of the Cooperative Principle and its maxim. The language use is accentuated in considering the specific context. Moreover the maxims are used to fence the analysis.

2.2 Seven Building Tasks of Language Use