Systemic Functional Grammar LITERATURE REVIEW

2.3 Systemic Functional Grammar

“The systemic functional grammar aims to describe and explain the meaning-making resources of modern English. It includes on deciding what parts of the grammar to cover” Halliday, 2004. Therefore it can be analyzed and interpreted through text. The interpersonal, the ideational and the textual function are known as the metafunctions semantic functions. It is said “how each metafunction is realized through choices from major systems at the lexicogrammatical stratum. The indication is shown in the experiential metafunction that is described in Transitivity choices, the Interpersonal metafunction in mood choices and the Textual metafunction through Theme choices” Eggins, 2004. 2.3.1 Ideational Function Transitivity This function has several advantages in unraveling the meaning of language that is being used. By using ideational function, the language can be analyzed through the symbolic code, cultural experience and even the individual experience based on the consciousness. Ideational function is the same as the transitivity process because ideational is the clause as representation, thus transitivity structures express representational meaning; what the clause is about, which is typically some process, with associated participants and circumstances Halliday, 2004. A transitivity analysis is used to analyze the ideational function of Systemic Functional Grammar. The advantage using this process is that it enables the clause to be analyzed through its constituent of metafunction. Verbal group is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI used to unravel the meaning in the clause since English has six types of process namely material, mental, verbal, relational, behavioral, and existential. Material clauses are clauses of doing and happening, therefore a material process tries to understand the unit of change in the flow of events as taking place through some input of energy. Mental clauses are concerned with the experience of the world based on the consciousness. This process wants to sense the flowing from a person‟s consciousness but not to sense the material act. Relational clauses are meant to characterize and to identify the use of clauses. It is the process of being and having. Behavioural clauses are the process of physiological and psychological behavior like breathing, coughing, smiling, dreaming and staring. They are partly like the material and partly like mental. Verbal clauses contribute to the creation of narrative by making it possible to set up dialogue. It is often used to develop accounts of dialogue on the model passage. The last process is existential clauses which represent that something exists or happens. Halliday, 2004. 2.3.2 Interpersonal Function Interpersonal function analyzes the relationship with the addressee. Therefore, it uses the language to express social and personal relation. It also analyzes the interaction between the speaker and the addressee. The tools that can be used to analyze the interpersonal analysis are Mood as system, Mood and Tone and Modality. Mood is composed by Subject and Finite that are linked together. Then, the remainder of the clause is called Residue that has been labeled as „Proposition‟. Mood as a system shows the form in declarative that is the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI characteristic expression of a statement, interrogative that is a question, exclamative and imperative Halliday, 2004. Mood and Tone have significant role in finding the relational process in discourse analysis. The consideration is on the choice of the tone, the melodic contour of the tone group: whether the pitch is falling or rising, or neither, or some combination of the two. Falling and rising become the fundamental opposition in which falling tone means certainty, rising tone means the opposite. Table 1.2.3.1 Tone and Pitch Movement Tone Symbol Pitch Movement Simple Tone 1 Falling Tone 2 Rising Tone 3 Level actually showing a low rise in pitch Tone 4 Falling-rising Tone 5 Rising-falling Halliday, 2004 The indication uses the speech function of proposition. Declarative clauses combine with tone 1 that represents the feature of certainty, and sometimes in tone 4 showing some kind of reservation. The interrogative yesno is shown in tone 2, the uncertain rising tone, while wh- question shows the tone 1 that is certain way asking for a missing element. Imperative clause that functions as commands is in tone 1, but negative command often comes with tone 3. This is the same like offering that is in tone 3. Last is exclamative that is in tone 5 something that is contrary to expectation Halliday, 2004. 2.3.3 Textual Function The textual and interpersonal functions are in the part of clause as message that is promoted by systemic functional grammar. The clause tries to understand an expression of human experience: processes, participants, and circumstances. Themes contain one and only one of these elements which is called Topical Theme. The rest is the example of multiple themes with several elements in a sentence such “Well but then surely Jean wouldn‟t the best idea be to join in” Halliday, 2004. The analysis of the sentence can be interpreted through Topical Theme. “Well” is textual and continuative that signals a move in discourse or a transition in the same speaker‟s turn. “But” is textual, conjunction Links or subordinates two clauses. “Then” is textual and conjunctive Adjunct that is part of Adverbial or Prepositional groups that relate the clause to previous text. “Surely” is interpersonal, modal comment Adjunct. It is the expressions of the speaker‟s judgment on the content of the message. “Jean” is interpersonal, vocative. It is typically personal names used to address. “Wouldn‟t” is interpersonal, Finite verbal operator. It is part of auxiliary verbs that tries to understand tense and modality; also typical unmarked Themes of yesno interrogatives. If the speakers want to establish the clause in a setting textual function or explain his attitude to it interpersonal, such expressions are the natural way to set up the expression: “Let me tell you how this fits in” or “Let me tell you what I PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI think about this”. The variations in word order inside clauses can be accounted for some reasons. It is known that initial position in the English clause is meaningful since it has a Thematic function. Certain textual element orients the clause logically that means they are inherently thematic. Other textual and interpersonal elements are used to relate semantically the clause with preceding text or to express the speaker‟s angle. It also means they are characteristically thematic. The last characteristic of thematic category is, of course, wh-elements.

2.4 Stuttering as Psychological Disorder