Implicature becomes the proper choice for the discourse analyst to start with the text to be analyzed.
As a brief account of how the term „implicature‟ is used in discourse analysis, we have summarized the important points in Grice‟s proposal.
We would like to emphasis the fact that the implicatures are pragmatic aspects of meaning and have certain identifiable characteristics. They are
partially derived from the conventional or literal meaning of an utterance, produced in a specific context which is shared by the speaker and the
hearer of the Cooperative Principle and its maxims Brown and Yule, 1983.
An analyst should consider two things in analyzing the implicature in the text. They are the conventional and literal meaning of an utterance and the specific
context which is shared by the speaker and the hearer of the Cooperative Principle and its maxim. The language use is accentuated in considering the
specific context. Moreover the maxims are used to fence the analysis.
2.2 Seven Building Tasks of Language Use
The seven building tasks of language use are introduced by James Paul Gee in 2011. Those Seven Building Tasks of Language are used to answer the
questions relating to the discourse analysis. The „task‟ shows the action to build the language to be used to reveal the seven areas that are important in conveying
the hidden meaning. The explanation of each thing is on below ones. 2.2.1
Significance There are
things in life that are, “by nearly everyone‟s standards, significant for example the birth or death of a child. But for many things, we
need to use language to give them significant or to lessen their significance, to signal to others how we view their
significance” Gee, 2011. This significance gives the impression to be brought into a detailed analysis.
The significant of such a sentence that might be the focus of the analysis can be used. Then, it becomes the standard of the rest of the analysis using this
significance. However, the significance is not only in the form of a sentence but also in situation.
2.2.2 Activities
Once the significance has been confirmed, the next is finding the activities that show the significance. The focus is only the activities that acquire the
significance. The explanation is like to explain the „chicken or egg‟ question that is near to the explanation of significance and activities.
When people think about practices, people confront a significan t “chicken
and egg” sort of question. “What people say, do, and are in using language enacts practices. At the same time, what people say, do, and are would have no meaning
unless these practices already existed. The answer to this chicken and egg question
is this: Language and practices “boot strap” each other into existence in a reciprocal process through time.” Gee, 2011.
2.2.3 Identities
People use language to get recognized as taking on a certain identity or role, that is, to build an identity here and now. “People often enact their identities
by speaking or writing in such a way as to attribute a certain identity to others, an identity that people explicitly or implicitly compare or contrast to our own.
People build identities for others as a way to build ones for themselves” Gee, 2011.
Identities have a significant role in finding the activities. Who and how show the significance on finding the identities. Characters and characteristics are
the most valid way to find the identities. Through identities, the ones can show the power or even the opposite.
2.2.4 Relationships
“People use language to signal what sort of relationship they have, want to have, or are trying to have with their listeners, readers, or other people,
groups, or institutions about whom they are communicating. People use language to build social relationships” Gee, 2011. It mostly shows the way people use the
formal or informality in using language. The formality is shown in the way people with certain identities address
each other. They can use polite address for the people of higher level of degree or status. Otherwise, the people who have the close relationship might address the
others with less formal circumstances. 2.2.5
Politics People use language to convey a perspective on the nature of the
distribution of social goods, that is, to build a perspective on socia l goods. “Social
goods are potentially at stake any time we speak or write so as to state or imply that something or someone is “adequate,” “normal,” “good,” or “acceptable” or
the opposite in some fashion important to some group in society or society as a whole” Gee, 2011. In other words, through this politic aspect, people can see
the hidden values that the language wants to reveal. The distribution of social goods emphasizes the aspect of sharing the
information. It shows what kind of information people want to share. It is negative or positive one. Then, if it is negative, people with certain purpose might
share it with positive tone. It can be vice versa. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2.2.6 Connections
People use language to give certain things connected or relevant or not to other things, that is, to build connections or relevance. Things are not always
inherently connected or relevant to each other. Often, “people have to make such connections. Even when things seem inherently connected or relevant to each
other, people can use language to break or mitigate such connections” Gee, 2011.
Connection shows the importance of language being used in certain purpose. The purpose can be different to each person but the person to whom
someone wants to connect has to be the same and has the significance purpose. The communication connects successfully when the people share the same
connection in what they communicate about. 2.2.7
Sign System and Knowledge “People can use language to make certain sign systems and certain forms
of knowledge and belief relevant or privileged, or not, in given situations. It is to build privilege or prestige for one sign system or way of knowing over another”
Gee, 2011. It is the same to reveal identity but in more detail to show sign and system in it. Moreover, Gee suggests preceding the analysis with the help of
Halliday‟s theory in Systemic Functional Grammar. In
The King‟s Speech, all of the seven building tasks of language can be used in order to reveal the hidden message of language use. That language use is
what the therapist implicitly uses to heal the king‟s stuttering. The power of language can cure such a great disorder.
2.3 Systemic Functional Grammar
