Discourse analysis of the interaction between the therapist and the king in Overcoming The King`s stuttering disorder in Tom Hooper`s The King`s speech.

ABSTRACT

Nurvita Wijayanti. 2016. Discourse Analysis of the Interaction between the Therapist and the King in Overcoming the King’s Stuttering Disorder in Tom Hooper’s The King’s Speech. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

The study of discourse analysis in this research reveals the power of language use to overcome someone’s disorder. Through the proper approach, the discourse analysis can be the means to analyze the significance of the language use to overcome the stuttering that is part of the psychological disorder. Through its interaction between the therapist and the king, the discourse analysis has abundant examples in the power of language use.

The approaches of this research are Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and Gee’s Seven Building Tasks of Language (SBTL). Two research questions are employed to reach the goal of the research. They are (1) What discourse implies the power of language in the interaction between the therapist and the king? and (2) How does the power of language overcome the king’s stuttering compared with the standard treatment?

The type of the research is discourse analysis. The supported theory is stuttering as the psychological disorder to examine the activities that are in the language use implementation. Furthermore, the interaction that is part of the treatment is the main object to be analyzed through the SFG (Transitivity, Interpersonal and Textual process) and SBTL (significance, activities, identities, relationships, connections, politics, and system and knowledge). The data collection uses the first cycle that is included twelve (12) parts of interaction only between the therapist and the king.

The language use related to the significances, activities, identities, relationships, politics, connection and sign system and knowledge reveals that the therapist’s intention toward the king. They acquire the equality during the treatment. The Transitivity, Interpersonal and Textual show the dynamic process during the interaction by analyzing the clause using the process of doing-and-happening, feeling and the token; the Mood system and Tone; and marked and unmarked theme selection. By implementing SFG and SBTL, this research has proven that discourse analysis that is conducted in the significant chunk of clause reveals the power of language use in overcoming the king’s stuttering. The actual standard treatment combined the mental approach and distractive method is proved to match with the process in the movie.

Keywords: discourse analysis, seven building tasks of language, systemic functional grammar, stuttering disorder

ABSTRAK

Nurvita Wijayanti. 2016. Discourse Analysis of the Interaction between the Therapist and the King in Overcoming the King’s Stuttering Disorder in Tom Hooper’s The King’s Speech . Yogyakarta: Program Pasca-Sarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Analisa wacana pada studi ini menunjukkan kekuatan dari penggunaan bahasa untuk menyembuhkan penyakit seseorang. Melalui pendekatan yang tepat, analisa wacana dapat menjadi alat penghubung untuk menganalisa penggunaan bahasa yang signifikan untuk menyembuhkan kegagapan yang adalah bagian dari penyakit psikologi. Melalui interaksi antara si terapis dan sang raja, analisa wacana sangat kaya dengan sampel-sampel akan kekuatan penggunaan bahasa.

Pendekatan pada penelitian ini antara lain Fungsi Grammar Terpadu milik Halliday dan Tujuh Tugas Pembentukan Bahasa milik Gee. Dua pertanyaan digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian. Mereka adalah (1) Wacana apa yang mengimplikasikan kekuatan dari bahasa pada interaksi antara si terapis dan sang raja? dan (2) Bagaimana kekuatan bahasa dapat menyembuhkan kegagapan raja dibandingkan dengan perawatan standar?

Jenis dari penelitian ini adalah analisa wacana yang adalah penelitian mengenai penggunaan bahasa. Teori yang mendukung adalah teori mengenai kegagapan yang merupakan penyakit psikologis untuk membuktikan aktifitas-aktifitas di dalam implementasi penggunaan bahasa. Selanjutnya, proses interaksi yang merupakan bagian dari terapi adalah objek utama untuk dianalisa melalui Fungsi Grammar Terpadu (Transitivity, Interpersonal dan Textual) dan Tujuh Tugas Pembentukan Bahasa (Kepentingan, Aktifitas, Identitas, Hubungan, Koneksi, Politik dan Sistem Tanda dan Pengetahuan). Pengumpulan data menggunakan siklus pertama termasuk didalamnya dua belas (12) bagian interaksi hanya antara si terapis dan sang raja.

Penggunaan bahasa yang berhubungan dengan Kepentingan, Aktifitas, Identitas, Hubungan, Koneksi, Politik dan Sistem Tanda dan Pengetahuan menunjukan adanya maksud dari si terapis kepada sang raja yaitu mencapai persamaan derajat selama masa terapi. Proses Transitivity, Interpersonal dan Textual menunjukkan proses dinamis selama berinteraksi dengan menganalisa klausa yang menunjukkan proses melakukan-dan-terjadi, perasaan dan token; sistem Mood dan Tone; marked dan unmarked theme selection. Mengimplementasikan Fungsi Grammar Terpadu dan Tujuh Tugas Pembentukan Bahasa, penelitian ini telah membuktikan yang didapatkan dari analisa klausa menunjukkan bahwa ada kekuatan dalam penggunaan bahasa yang signifikan dalam menyembuhkan kegagapan sang raja. Terapi standar termutakhir yang

mengkombinasikan pendekatan batin dan metode distraksi telah membuktikan bahwa kedua metode ini cocok dengan metode yang ada di dalam film.

Keywords: analisa wacana, fungsi grammar terpadu, tujuh tugas pembentukan bahasa, gagap

i

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN

THE THERAPIST AND THE KING IN OVERCOMING THE

KING’S STUTTERING DISORDER IN

TOM HOOPER’S

THE

KING’S SPEECH

A THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree

in English Language Studies

by

Nurvita Wijayanti Student Number: 146332019

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is a delightful opportunity for me to express my deepest gratitude to all of those who have supported me in accomplishing this thesis. Firstly, my deepest gratitude goes to Allah SWT for showing me the light to have my courage finishing this thesis.

I present the best gratitude to my lovely advisor Dr. B.B Dwijatmoko, M.A. for his guidance and patience. He has been a good advisor who has listened and shared opinion regarding the ideas contributing in this thesis. Great thanks also go to Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A. and Dr. E. Sunarto, M.Hum who give me a fruitful contribution to my thesis as the second readers.

I dedicate this thesis to my lovely parents, Martini Lastianingsih, S.H and (alm) Pranoto, S.H, and siblings, Fajar Putra Pradika and Yudanti Kurnia Dewi, who are always be my motivation whenever I am about to give up finishing this thesis. Their endless love indeed works to keep up my encouragement and spirit.

Many thanks are also presented to all people in English Language Studies especially batch 2014, batch 2015, all the staff, and lecturers. People who are helpful in any condition: Mas Adit, Ruly and Indra. Last but not least, I present this thesis to my life time best friends: Wuri Handayaningsih, Sabina Pristiwati, Redys Febrianti, Hafsyah, Edwin Sugara, Rudi Irawan, Billy Talusakata, Josephine Dewi, Theresia Respati, Ch. Eli Indriyani, Dangin, Wasisti Argo T.R, Sisilia Endah L. for their best support from afar.

vii

A journey of a thousand miles begins with a

single step

viii

Page of Dedication

ix

Table of Contents

COVER PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGE ...Error! Bookmark not defined. STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI UNTUK KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ...Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v

PAGE OF DEDICATION ... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

ABSTRACT ... xii

ABSTRAK ... xiii

CHAPTER I: _{INTRODUCTION ... 1}

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Research Question ... 6

1.3 Research Objectives ... 6

1.4 Research Benefits... 8

CHAPTER II: _{LITERATURE REVIEW ... 10}

2.1 Discourse Analysis... 10

2.1.1 Written Text ... 12

2.1.2 Implicature ... 12

2.2 Seven Building Tasks of Language Use ... 13

2.2.1 Significance ... 13

2.2.2 Activities ... 14

2.2.3 Identities ... 14

2.2.4 Relationships ... 15

2.2.5 Politics ... 15

2.2.6 Connections ... 16

2.2.7 Sign System and Knowledge ... 16

2.3 Systemic Functional Grammar ... 17

2.3.1 Ideational Function (Transitivity) ... 17

2.3.2 Interpersonal Function ... 18

x

2.4 Stuttering as Psychological Disorder ... 21

2.4.1 The Treatment for Stutterers ... 26

2.4.3.1 Valsalva Mechanism ... 26

2.4.3.2 The Van Riperian Method ... 28

2.5 Related studies ... 29

2.6 Theoretical framework ... 30

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 32

3.1 Research Type ... 32

3.2 Research Object ... 32

3.3 Research Data ... 33

3.4 Data analysis ... 34

3.4.1 Seven Building Tasks of Language ... 35

3.4.2 Systemic Functional Grammar ... 37

CHAPTER IV: _{RESULT AND DISCUSSION... 39}

4.1 Discourse of the Script of the Interaction between the Therapist and the King. ... 39

4.1.1 Seven Building Tasks of Language ... 39

4.1.1.1 Significance ... 41

4.1.1.2 Activities ... 45

4.1.1.3 Identities ... 50

4.1.1.4 Relationships ... 53

4.1.1.5 Politics ... 54

4.1.1.6 Connections ... 55

4.1.1.7 Sign System and Knowledge ... 56

4.1.2 Ideational Function ... 58

4.1.2.1 Material Process ... 60

4.1.2.2 Mental Process ... 63

4.1.2.3 Relational Process ... 65

4.1.3 Interpersonal Function ... 66

4.1.4 Textual Function ... 82

4.2 The Power of Language to Overcome the Stuttering Compared with the Standard Treatment ... 97

xi

5.1 Conclusion ... 102

5.2 Suggestion ... 105

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 106

APPENDICES ... 111

Appendix 1 Ideational Process ... 111

TABLE 1.1 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 1 int. logue‟s consultation room - day ... 111

TABLE 1.2 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 2 int. logue‟s consultation room - new day ... 117

TABLE 1.3 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 4 int. logue‟s consultation room – continuous ... 121

TABLE 1.4 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 6 int. logue‟s consultation room, harley street - new day ... 126

TABLE 1.5 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 7 ext. regent‟s park ornamental garden – day ... 129

TABLE 1.6 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 13. int. westminster abbey - that night ... 131

TABLE 1.7 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 14. int. bertie‟s study, buckingham palace – day ... 137

TABLE 1.8 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 16. int. broadcasting booth – day .. ... 140

TABLE 1.9 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 17. int. king‟s study/broadcast room, buckingham palace – day ... 141

TABLE 1.10 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION: part 18. int./ext. montage of various locations ... 142

TABLE 1.11 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 19. int. broadcasting booth, buckingham palace – continuous ... 144

TABLE 1.12 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 21. int. broadcasting booth, buckingham palace – continuous ... 144

APPENDIX 2 INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION ... 145

TABLE 2.1 INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION: part 1 int. logue‟s consultation room - day ……….. ... 145

TABLE 2.2 INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION: part 4 int. logue‟s consultation room – continuous ... 152

xii

ABSTRACT

Nurvita Wijayanti. 2016. Discourse Analysis of the Interaction between the

Therapist and the King in Overcoming the King‟s Stuttering Disorder in Tom Hooper‟s The King‟s Speech. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

The study of discourse analysis in this research reveals the power of language use to overcome someone‟s disorder. Through the proper approach, the discourse analysis can be the means to analyze the significance of the language use to overcome the stuttering that is part of the psychological disorder. Through its interaction between the therapist and the king, the discourse analysis has abundant examples in the power of language use.

The approaches of this research are Halliday‟s Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and Gee‟s Seven Building Tasks of Language (SBTL). Two research questions are employed to reach the goal of the research. They are (1) What discourse implies the power of language in the interaction between the therapist and the king? and (2) How does the power of language overcome the

king‟s stuttering compared with the standard treatment?

The type of the research is discourse analysis. The supported theory is stuttering as the psychological disorder to examine the activities that are in the language use implementation. Furthermore, the interaction that is part of the treatment is the main object to be analyzed through the SFG (Transitivity, Interpersonal and Textual process) and SBTL (significance, activities, identities, relationships, connections, politics, and system and knowledge). The data collection uses the first cycle that is included twelve (12) parts of interaction only between the therapist and the king.

The language use related to the significances, activities, identities, relationships, politics, connection and sign system and knowledge reveals that the therapist‟s intention toward the king. They acquire the equality during the treatment. The Transitivity, Interpersonal and Textual show the dynamic process during the interaction by analyzing the clause using the process of doing-and-happening, feeling and the token; the Mood system and Tone; and marked and unmarked theme selection. By implementing SFG and SBTL, this research has proven that discourse analysis that is conducted in the significant chunk of clause reveals the power of language use in overcoming the king‟s stuttering. The actual standard treatment combined the mental approach and distractive method is proved to match with the process in the movie.

Keywords: discourse analysis, seven building tasks of language, systemic functional grammar, stuttering disorder

xiii

ABSTRAK

Nurvita Wijayanti. 2016. Discourse Analysis of the Interaction between the

Therapist and the King in Overcoming the King‟s Stuttering Disorder in Tom Hooper‟s The King‟s Speech . Yogyakarta: Program Pasca-Sarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Analisa wacana pada studi ini menunjukkan kekuatan dari penggunaan bahasa untuk menyembuhkan penyakit seseorang. Melalui pendekatan yang tepat, analisa wacana dapat menjadi alat penghubung untuk menganalisa penggunaan bahasa yang signifikan untuk menyembuhkan kegagapan yang adalah bagian dari penyakit psikologi. Melalui interaksi antara si terapis dan sang raja, analisa wacana sangat kaya dengan sampel-sampel akan kekuatan penggunaan bahasa.

Pendekatan pada penelitian ini antara lain Fungsi Grammar Terpadu milik Halliday dan Tujuh Tugas Pembentukan Bahasa milik Gee. Dua pertanyaan digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian. Mereka adalah (1) Wacana apa yang mengimplikasikan kekuatan dari bahasa pada interaksi antara si terapis dan sang raja? dan (2) Bagaimana kekuatan bahasa dapat menyembuhkan kegagapan raja dibandingkan dengan perawatan standar?

Jenis dari penelitian ini adalah analisa wacana yang adalah penelitian mengenai penggunaan bahasa. Teori yang mendukung adalah teori mengenai kegagapan yang merupakan penyakit psikologis untuk membuktikan aktifitas-aktifitas di dalam implementasi penggunaan bahasa. Selanjutnya, proses interaksi yang merupakan bagian dari terapi adalah objek utama untuk dianalisa melalui Fungsi Grammar Terpadu (Transitivity, Interpersonal dan Textual) dan Tujuh Tugas Pembentukan Bahasa (Kepentingan, Aktifitas, Identitas, Hubungan, Koneksi, Politik dan Sistem Tanda dan Pengetahuan). Pengumpulan data menggunakan siklus pertama termasuk didalamnya dua belas (12) bagian interaksi hanya antara si terapis dan sang raja.

Penggunaan bahasa yang berhubungan dengan Kepentingan, Aktifitas, Identitas, Hubungan, Koneksi, Politik dan Sistem Tanda dan Pengetahuan menunjukan adanya maksud dari si terapis kepada sang raja yaitu mencapai persamaan derajat selama masa terapi. Proses Transitivity, Interpersonal dan Textual menunjukkan proses dinamis selama berinteraksi dengan menganalisa klausa yang menunjukkan proses melakukan-dan-terjadi, perasaan dan token; sistem Mood dan Tone; marked dan unmarked theme selection. Mengimplementasikan Fungsi Grammar Terpadu dan Tujuh Tugas Pembentukan Bahasa, penelitian ini telah membuktikan yang didapatkan dari analisa klausa menunjukkan bahwa ada kekuatan dalam penggunaan bahasa yang signifikan dalam menyembuhkan kegagapan sang raja. Terapi standar termutakhir yang

xiv

mengkombinasikan pendekatan batin dan metode distraksi telah membuktikan bahwa kedua metode ini cocok dengan metode yang ada di dalam film.

Keywords: analisa wacana, fungsi grammar terpadu, tujuh tugas pembentukan bahasa, gagap

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language consists of several disciplines such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Each discipline studies the different perspectives therefore it reveals the basic language studies in linguistics. In order to analyze the implication of language use, those knowledge are not enough to cover the study, therefore, discourse study is needed in order to analyze the language use since language is a way of behaving and making others behave and therefore the linguist must concern himself with the verbal process in the context of the situation (Nunan, 1992).

From the previous explanation, discourse analysis is a good start to learn about linguistic knowledge that can cover the whole knowledge. Discourse focuses on the use of language. It can be in spoken or written texts. Discourse is a unit of language above and beyond a mere accumulation of sounds, morphemes, words, clauses and sentences (Fasold & Jeff, 2006).

The analysis of language in use cannot be limited to the description of linguistics forms independently. It is because the purpose or functions are designed to serve in human affairs (Yule, Gillian Brown & George, 1983). Furthermore, the discourse analysis analyzes the text in spoken as in the movie. It is not only a matter of language based on the conversation but also it shows the paralanguage that has significance. Discourse-based grammar with support from Halliday and Hasan (1976) has been formed. It is said that discourse-based

grammar is worth to analyze rather than traditional explanations of grammar which is known as sentence-based (Paltridge, 2006).

The King‟s Speech is the object of this research. The movie has been released in 2010 starring Firth Collin as the King George VI and Geoffrey Rush as the unorthodox therapist, Lionel Logue. Edward, the favored son of the father George V has fallen in love with a divorced commoner therefore he gives up his position as the crowned king. It is Albert, Edward‟s younger brother who will be the next king. The problem is that Albert has stuttering disorder and it is his duty to give a speech in front of the people in order to gain the nation fortitude and trust. In this emergency, stutter is a symbol of national shame. Albert consults Lionel Logue as a speech therapist. Their process of interaction is the heart of the movie and the triumph of how their relationship becomes the main focus in the movie and therefore becomes the object of the analysis of discourse.

Stuttering is the disorder in the fluency of speaking and talk pattern in the age that is not supposed to (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Stuttering is disorders in the rhythm of speech, in which the individual knows precisely that he wishes to say, but at the same time is unable to say it because of an involuntary, repetitive prolongation or cessation of a sound (WHO, 1992). The symptoms show that the sufferer has experienced one or more extending sound or word, halting to the word, holding voice and being phatic. King George starts having this stuttering disorder when he was eight years old. In some brief explanation, he gets the disorder because he has received suppression during his childhood by his parents and other people surround him and it turns out that he was left-handed but he has to make it right-handed (Biography Editors,2015).

Journals discuss the theories on how to overcome with the disorder especially the appropriate curing done by the therapist. Those theories are used in applying the activity relating to the curing in the sufferer especially in this study. What makes this present study different with the other studies is that the way the researcher analyzes the language use of the interaction between the therapist, who applies his unorthodox treatment, and the king. At the end of the movie, the therapist has succeeded applying his treatment to the king. Therefore, the writer would like to analyze the way the therapist treats the king by using his unorthodox exercises through the discourse analysis

The other researches relating to the movie The King‟s Speech have existed. The researchers are mostly talk about the discourse but in different perspectives and approaches. The writer has found one article, one journal and one thesis to be used to compare the originality of this study. The studies are from Bernard Frankel, Saima Karim and Riha Rahma Mufida.

Bernard Frankel writes an article comparing the two movies; The King‟s Speech and The Fighter in order to review the two academy award selections. He has been composed the journal on 2011. He analyzes those two movies in finding the similarity of system theory meeting the object relations during the behavioral exercises. It compares those two movies as the struggle in disorder and how the process becomes the crucial part of the overcoming the disorders; Albert with his stutter and Micky‟s masochism. It also shows the relation between brothers; Albert with Edward and Micky with Dicky (Frankel, 2011).

Journal written in 2015 titled Style and Language of Inequality in the

the previous one. It analyzes the power of language in the movie King‟s Speech. It turns out that the relationship between language and social inequality is the idea that some expressions of language are valued more than others in a way that is associated with some people being more valued than others and some ideas expressed by people through language being more valued than others (Karim, 2015).

The last study is from Riha Rahma Mufida in her thesis titled The

Discourse of The King‟s Speech Film by Tom Hooper. This research uses Cultural Studies as the approach to the discourse analysis. It uses the qualitative data analysis and data analysis techniques descriptively and interpretatively. Other than using Cultural Studies approach, it uses the hermeneutic approach (Mufida, 2015).

This present research focuses on the discourse analysis that contributes the application of English Linguistics as a part of everyday use through language. It implies that linguistics also has to be aware of the non-linguistic knowledge to be able to go together as a combination of knowledge. The language that the therapist uses in the movie is the target of the research. It also includes the gestures and the exercises through the treatment.

Prince Albert and Princess Elizabeth were able to solidify their relationship during the first several years of marriage. Recognizing that his stammer was an ordeal for her husband and his audiences, Elizabeth sought the help of Lionel Logue, an Australian speech therapist living in London. At first reluctant, Prince Albert began seeing Logue and partaking in his unorthodox exercises. His wife often accompanied him and participated in the sessions. Prince Albert and Logue cultivated a strong relationship and, gradually, his speech improved. (Editors, 2015). This movie introduces many language uses through the interaction between the two main characters; king George VI and therapist Lionel Logue as

the richness of language use is the significant aspect in communication and social interaction. Moreover, the unorthodox method that is introduced by the therapist enriches the analysis with the knowledge of the psychological aspect.

Two main recent approaches of discourse analysis are introduced. They are Seven Building Tasks of Language and Systemic Functional Grammar. In Seven Building Tasks of Language, the language and its task are not just about conveying information, but also it is used to build seven reality in discourse. They are its significance, activities, identities, relationships, connections, politics, and sign system and knowledge (Gee, 2011). Systemic Functional Grammar is the recent theory to analyze the discourse analysis as one of many approaches. It deals with language study using clause as the main object of the analysis. Each clause represents the purpose namely clause as message, clause as exchange and clause as representation (Halliday, 2004).

The approach of the discourse analysis is the use of the structure of language, thus Gee‟s Seven Building Tasks of Language and Halliday‟s Systemic Functional Grammar are supported the analysis. Using the Seven Building Tasks of Language, the researcher is going to find the seven areas of „reality‟ that the language wants to reveal. It is revealed through its significance, activities, identities, relationships, politics, connection and sign system and knowledge. Moreover, Systemic Functional Grammar is used to get the detail analysis in using the ideational, interpersonal and textual function. The process of doing, being, feeling and having is going to be discussed along with the Theme and Mood system and marked and unmarked theme selection. Therefore, the study of language is achieved through the approaches.

Using The King‟s Speech movie to analyze the language use is essential in contributing to the field of overcoming stuttering with particular approach that is introduced by the therapist. Moreover, this movie is based on the true story that can be confirmed through its originality of the treatment. The linguistic contribution also strengthens the analysis in discourse analysis using Seven Building Tasks of Language and Systemic Functional Grammar. The supported theory of stuttering as a psychological disorder confirms the background of the king‟s stuttering.

1.2 Research Question

There are two research questions relating to the study of discourse analysis in the movie titled The King‟s Speech by Tom Hooper in 2010.

1. What discourse implies the power of language in the interaction between the therapist and the king?

2. How does the power of language overcome the king‟s stuttering compared with the standard treatment?

1.3 Research Objectives

The power of language has significant role in order to overcome the stuttering. It is used by the therapist to treat the king. The chunk of language is the product of the power of language. Based on the questions, there are two objectives in this research.

The first objective is to explain the chunk of language that is used both by the therapist and the king. The discursive practice is in the interaction between the therapist and the king. The part of it is revealed through the chunk of language that is spoken by the therapist and the king. The tasks of language in

order to analyze the language use are accentuated in this research. The use of clause is also analyzed based on the representation, message and exchange. Therefore, the discourse practice is analyzed through the element of language use and the representation of the clauses.

The second objective is to figure out how the chunk of the language really works in order to overcome the king‟s stuttering. The chunk of language, in this case, has been analyzed through the discourse. By having the analyzed data, this objective wants to accentuate the part of the language that has the powerful significance to overcome the stuttering.

The third objective is that the Seven Building Tasks of Language is used to assess the language use. It represents the way the language has contribution by revealing the use of it. The Systemic Functional Grammar also contributes the discussion by having the clause as representative, message and exchange. Those two theories are used to be the empirical data and therefore they are used to relate how the

Analyzing the discourse analysis gives an advantage on how to reveal the language use. The language use is revealed to accentuate the power. The power means how the language has a control to overcome somebody‟s disorder. The disorder is the speech disorder or stuttering. By using Seven Building Tasks of Language and Systemic Functional Grammar, the research achieves the empirical study to be able to figure out the structure of language that is significant in overcoming the king‟s stuttering through the interaction between the therapist and the king. Standard treatment is useful to validate the work of language in order to overcome the stuttering.

1.4 Research Benefits

Relating to the research question that the writer presents, there is one research benefit. It relates to the effective result of the therapist healing the king‟s stuttering problem. The writer gains the knowledge how to deal with the same case since the movie is based on the true story relating to psychological approach and discourse analysis.

Theoretically, discourse analysis gives the knowledge of what goes beyond the text. It means that language especially the spoken language that is spoken casually in the movie is the language that contains a lot of meaning. The meaning can be explicit. It is when the meaning can easily be caught. It is implicit meaning when catching the meaning; it has to be analyzed through the context. Discourse analysis offers the help with particular approach. The approaches that are used in this research help to reveal the implicit meaning.

Seven Building Tasks of Language uses social language which is informal language to emphasize the casualty. It uses conversation in order to focus on the form of the text. It uses discourses to focus on the social context which is between the therapist as the ordinary person and the king as the member of royal family. Lastly, it also uses the intertextuality to find out other references outside the text.

The benefit using Systemic Functional Grammar is that the researcher can gain the knowledge linguistically through the process of ideational, interpersonal and textual. Through ideational process, it shows the significance that is revealed through the process of doing-and-happening, process of sensing and process of being and having. They represent the process of the therapist‟s approaching

method and the king‟s process of accepting the treatment. Interpersonal function is analyzed through the combination of Mood system and tone. They represent the mood of the therapist and especially the king through the process of the interaction using the declarative, imperative and interrogative mood. The textual function emphasizes the use of marked and unmarked theme selection. The characters use those theme selections to emphasize the intention whether to object or to agree with each other.

10 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents theories related to the research. The theories are taken from books, journals and websites about discourse analysis including seven building tasks of language and systemic functional grammar. Other supported theories are stuttering theory as psychological disorder and neurology to find the comparison in the standard treatment.

2.1 Discourse Analysis

The theory of discourse that is used in this research is the discourse analysis as a part of language use.

Language is not mere matter of means of communication, but it also shows the identity of the speakers. It is described through the way the social group talks (the street gang talks or the way the doctor talks), cultures (Native American talks or African – American talks), or institution (universities talk or government talks) differ to each other. They have different style of language. Therefore, in this case, language shows the speaker‟s identity (Gee, 2011).

Gee emphasizes that language cannot only be used as only for communicating and knowing each other‟s intention, but also the identity of the speaker. When using certain type of language, the speaker actually shows his/her identity. In addition, the speaker also can change the way of speaking in a certain style of language. The examples of the style of language are given by Gee in the way the social group talks, cultural talks and institutional talks.

Furthermore, the speaker can change the way he/she speaks to adjust with the environment he/she is engaged with.

A discourse is a characteristic way of saying, doing, and being. When you speak or write anything, you use the resources of English to project yourself as a certain kind of person, a different kind in different

circumstances. You also project yourself as engaged in a certain practice or activity (Gee, 2011).

That is the way the discourse works. One person can share different styles of language depending on the circumstances that the person has. Indeed, it is important to adjust the style for being in one style of language; one person can be so outrageous when delivering his/her language to another style of language.

Gee also states that “Language not only defines the information. Through the words or chunk of language, it can be used as the rule to practice what is written or spoken through language” (Gee, 2011). Therefore, the language that is used can be in written and spoken form.

The other theories support the previous theory above. Discourse that is in the form of written and spoken is structured as different patterns.

In many cases, underlying the word „discourse‟ is the general idea that language is structured according to different patterns that people‟s utterances follow when they take part in different domains of social life (Jorgensen and Phillips, 2002).

The term “pattern” means the style of language. The domains of social life represent the different context when the style of language is used. It depends on the circumstances that the language is used in different context.

In a linguistic perspective, “discourse examines how humans use language to communicate and, in particular, how addressers construct linguistic messages for addresses and how addressees work on linguistic messages in order to interpret them” (Brown & Yule, 1983).

Based on the previous explanation, language is used in many perspectives. It is called discourse analysis. It is about studying and analyzing the uses of language. In discourse analysis, language can be analyzed through the transcripts from interview, lyric, or movie, focus group, samples of conversation, published

literature, media and web based material. In other words, “discourse analysis studies how large chunks of language beyond the sentence level are organized, how the social transaction imposes a framework on discourse” (Cutting, 2002). It has traditionally covered the topics of exchange structure. Or, it is how certain situations have fixed sequences in the overall framework of the exchange. The last is that conversation structure on how what one speaker says can influence the next speaker‟s response.

2.1.1 Written Text

The object to analyze the discourse analysis is definitely the text. The text, in general, is “to refer to the verbal record of a communication act” (Brown & Yule, 1983). The text used is the text that is spoken or written. The written text is “the printed record that is familiar in the study of literature” (Brown & Yule, 1983).

In the written text, the speaking part should be clear in order to understand the tone and intonation. “It is necessary to replicate punctuation conventions, as well as the lineation, in which indicates the change of speaker” (Brown & Yule, 1983). Therefore, the written text should also show the technic in speaking so that the readers are able to know the dynamic in speaking.

2.1.2 Implicature

Discourse analysis relates the study with the pragmatic study. Brown and Yule state that “such an approach brings into consideration a number of issues which do not generally receive much attention in the formal linguist‟s description of sentential syntax and semantics” (Brown and Yule, 1983). Implicature, then, becomes the means to interpret the meaning of the utterances in the written form.

Implicature becomes the proper choice for the discourse analyst to start with the text to be analyzed.

As a brief account of how the term „implicature‟ is used in discourse analysis, we have summarized the important points in Grice‟s proposal. We would like to emphasis the fact that the implicatures are pragmatic aspects of meaning and have certain identifiable characteristics. They are partially derived from the conventional or literal meaning of an utterance, produced in a specific context which is shared by the speaker and the hearer of the Cooperative Principle and its maxims (Brown and Yule, 1983).

An analyst should consider two things in analyzing the implicature in the text. They are the conventional and literal meaning of an utterance and the specific context which is shared by the speaker and the hearer of the Cooperative Principle and its maxim. The language use is accentuated in considering the specific context. Moreover the maxims are used to fence the analysis.

2.2 Seven Building Tasks of Language Use

The seven building tasks of language use are introduced by James Paul Gee in 2011. Those Seven Building Tasks of Language are used to answer the questions relating to the discourse analysis. The „task‟ shows the action to build the language to be used to reveal the seven areas that are important in conveying the hidden meaning. The explanation of each thing is on below ones.

2.2.1 Significance

There are things in life that are, “by nearly everyone‟s standards, significant (for example the birth or death of a child). But for many things, we need to use language to give them significant or to lessen their significance, to signal to others how we view their significance” (Gee, 2011). This significance gives the impression to be brought into a detailed analysis.

The significant of such a sentence that might be the focus of the analysis can be used. Then, it becomes the standard of the rest of the analysis using this significance. However, the significance is not only in the form of a sentence but also in situation.

2.2.2 Activities

Once the significance has been confirmed, the next is finding the activities that show the significance. The focus is only the activities that acquire the significance. The explanation is like to explain the „chicken or egg‟ question that is near to the explanation of significance and activities.

When people think about practices, people confront a significant “chicken and egg” sort of question. “What people say, do, and are in using language enacts practices. At the same time, what people say, do, and are would have no meaning unless these practices already existed. The answer to this chicken and egg question is this: Language and practices “boot strap” each other into existence in a reciprocal process through time.” (Gee, 2011).

2.2.3 Identities

People use language to get recognized as taking on a certain identity or role, that is, to build an identity here and now. “People often enact their identities by speaking or writing in such a way as to attribute a certain identity to others, an identity that people explicitly or implicitly compare or contrast to our own. People build identities for others as a way to build ones for themselves” (Gee, 2011).

Identities have a significant role in finding the activities. Who and how show the significance on finding the identities. Characters and characteristics are

the most valid way to find the identities. Through identities, the ones can show the power or even the opposite.

2.2.4 Relationships

“People use language to signal what sort of relationship they have, want to have, or are trying to have with their listener(s), reader(s), or other people, groups, or institutions about whom they are communicating. People use language to build social relationships” (Gee, 2011). It mostly shows the way people use the formal or informality in using language.

The formality is shown in the way people with certain identities address each other. They can use polite address for the people of higher level of degree or status. Otherwise, the people who have the close relationship might address the others with less formal circumstances.

2.2.5 Politics

People use language to convey a perspective on the nature of the distribution of social goods, that is, to build a perspective on social goods. “Social goods are potentially at stake any time we speak or write so as to state or imply that something or someone is “adequate,” “normal,” “good,” or “acceptable” (or the opposite) in some fashion important to some group in society or society as a whole” (Gee, 2011). In other words, through this politic aspect, people can see the hidden values that the language wants to reveal.

The distribution of social goods emphasizes the aspect of sharing the information. It shows what kind of information people want to share. It is negative or positive one. Then, if it is negative, people with certain purpose might share it with positive tone. It can be vice versa.

2.2.6 Connections

People use language to give certain things connected or relevant (or not) to other things, that is, to build connections or relevance. Things are not always inherently connected or relevant to each other. Often, “people have to make such connections. Even when things seem inherently connected or relevant to each other, people can use language to break or mitigate such connections” (Gee, 2011).

Connection shows the importance of language being used in certain purpose. The purpose can be different to each person but the person to whom someone wants to connect has to be the same and has the significance purpose. The communication connects successfully when the people share the same connection in what they communicate about.

2.2.7 Sign System and Knowledge

“People can use language to make certain sign systems and certain forms of knowledge and belief relevant or privileged, or not, in given situations. It is to build privilege or prestige for one sign system or way of knowing over another” (Gee, 2011). It is the same to reveal identity but in more detail to show sign and system in it. Moreover, Gee suggests preceding the analysis with the help of Halliday‟s theory in Systemic Functional Grammar.

In The King‟s Speech, all of the seven building tasks of language can be used in order to reveal the hidden message of language use. That language use is what the therapist implicitly uses to heal the king‟s stuttering. The power of language can cure such a great disorder.

2.3 Systemic Functional Grammar

“The systemic functional grammar aims to describe and explain the meaning-making resources of modern English. It includes on deciding what parts of the grammar to cover” (Halliday, 2004). Therefore it can be analyzed and interpreted through text.

The interpersonal, the ideational and the textual function are known as the metafunctions (semantic functions). It is said “how each metafunction is realized through choices from major systems at the lexicogrammatical stratum. The indication is shown in the experiential metafunction that is described in Transitivity choices, the Interpersonal metafunction in mood choices and the Textual metafunction through Theme choices” (Eggins, 2004).

2.3.1 Ideational Function (Transitivity)

This function has several advantages in unraveling the meaning of language that is being used. By using ideational function, the language can be analyzed through the symbolic code, cultural experience and even the individual experience based on the consciousness.

Ideational function is the same as the transitivity process because ideational is the clause as representation, thus transitivity structures express representational meaning; what the clause is about, which is typically some process, with associated participants and circumstances (Halliday, 2004).

A transitivity analysis is used to analyze the ideational function of Systemic Functional Grammar. The advantage using this process is that it enables the clause to be analyzed through its constituent of metafunction. Verbal group is

used to unravel the meaning in the clause since English has six types of process namely material, mental, verbal, relational, behavioral, and existential.

Material clauses are clauses of doing and happening, therefore a material process tries to understand the unit of change in the flow of events as taking place through some input of energy. Mental clauses are concerned with the experience of the world based on the consciousness. This process wants to sense the flowing from a person‟s consciousness but not to sense the material act. Relational clauses are meant to characterize and to identify the use of clauses. It is the process of being and having. Behavioural clauses are the process of physiological and psychological behavior like breathing, coughing, smiling, dreaming and staring. They are partly like the material and partly like mental. Verbal clauses contribute to the creation of narrative by making it possible to set up dialogue. It is often used to develop accounts of dialogue on the model passage. The last process is existential clauses which represent that something exists or happens. (Halliday, 2004).

2.3.2 Interpersonal Function

Interpersonal function analyzes the relationship with the addressee. Therefore, it uses the language to express social and personal relation. It also analyzes the interaction between the speaker and the addressee. The tools that can be used to analyze the interpersonal analysis are Mood as system, Mood and Tone and Modality.

Mood is composed by Subject and Finite that are linked together. Then, the remainder of the clause is called Residue that has been labeled as „Proposition‟. Mood as a system shows the form in declarative that is the

characteristic expression of a statement, interrogative that is a question, exclamative and imperative (Halliday, 2004).

Mood and Tone have significant role in finding the relational process in discourse analysis. The consideration is on the choice of the tone, the melodic contour of the tone group: whether the pitch is falling or rising, or neither, or some combination of the two. Falling and rising become the fundamental opposition in which falling tone means certainty, rising tone means the opposite. Table 1.2.3.1 Tone and Pitch Movement

Tone Symbol Pitch Movement

Simple Tone 1 Falling

Tone 2 Rising

Tone 3 Level (actually

showing a low rise in pitch

Tone 4 Falling-rising

Tone 5 Rising-falling

(Halliday, 2004)

The indication uses the speech function of proposition. Declarative clauses combine with tone 1 that represents the feature of certainty, and sometimes in tone 4 showing some kind of reservation. The interrogative yes/no is shown in tone 2, the uncertain rising tone, while wh- question shows the tone 1 that is certain way asking for a missing element. Imperative clause that functions as commands is in tone 1, but negative command often comes with tone 3. This is

the same like offering that is in tone 3. Last is exclamative that is in tone 5 something that is contrary to expectation (Halliday, 2004).

2.3.3 Textual Function

The textual and interpersonal functions are in the part of clause as message that is promoted by systemic functional grammar. The clause tries to understand an expression of human experience: processes, participants, and circumstances. Themes contain one and only one of these elements which is called Topical Theme.

The rest is the example of multiple themes with several elements in a sentence such “Well but then surely Jean wouldn‟t the best idea be to join in” (Halliday, 2004). The analysis of the sentence can be interpreted through Topical Theme. “Well” is textual and continuative that signals a move in discourse or a transition in the same speaker‟s turn. “But” is textual, conjunction Links or subordinates two clauses. “Then” is textual and conjunctive Adjunct that is part of Adverbial or Prepositional groups that relate the clause to previous text. “Surely” is interpersonal, modal comment Adjunct. It is the expressions of the speaker‟s judgment on the content of the message. “Jean” is interpersonal, vocative. It is typically personal names used to address. “Wouldn‟t” is interpersonal, Finite verbal operator. It is part of auxiliary verbs that tries to understand tense and modality; also typical unmarked Themes of yes/no interrogatives.

If the speakers want to establish the clause in a setting (textual function) or explain his attitude to it (interpersonal), such expressions are the natural way to set up the expression: “Let me tell you how this fits in” or “Let me tell you what I

think about this”. The variations in word order inside clauses can be accounted for some reasons. It is known that initial position in the English clause is meaningful since it has a Thematic function. Certain textual element orients the clause logically that means they are inherently thematic. Other textual and interpersonal elements are used to relate semantically the clause with preceding text or to express the speaker‟s angle. It also means they are characteristically thematic. The last characteristic of thematic category is, of course, wh-elements.

2.4 Stuttering as Psychological Disorder

“Stuttering is disorder of the flow of speaking with the high frequency of repetition or longing for voice, syllables or words that happens to the people who have difficulty to start even a word” (Bogue, 2009).

When the stuttering happens, it can be followed by a feeling of suffocating, heavy breath (Shell, 2005), fast blinking, vibration on the lips and jaw, or struggling on face or upper body as an effort to speak. In a particular situation, like talking to a group of people or superior people, the stutterers tend to worsen the stuttering (Mahr & Torosian, 1991). However, in a certain situation like singing or speaking by themselves, it is able to improve the fluency in speaking (Parker & Parker, 2002).

If people with stuttering can easily sing and speak alone fluently, it means that they do not have organic malfunction or organic inherent. If the activity of fluent singing and speaking alone can be proved, the disorder is part of mental not physical disorder (Bogue, 2009).

Guitar (2006) states that age of 3 is the stage of speech development for children with the addition of the language. Another development can give stress

for children as the earlier symptom of stuttering. On the age of 6 to 8, children who receive many critics from their environment create the worse stuttering (Guitar, 2006). According to Bogue, critics from the environment are for example high frequency of critics from own parents (Bogue, 2009). On the teenager stage, the feeling of frustration or embarrassing moment that has relation with stuttering can create the negative feeling and behavior (Guitar, 2006).

The comparison of people with stuttering is 4:1 for male and female (Broen & Coleman, 1973) that has the relation with the childhood trauma (Bogue, 2009). This is caused by three main things. First, during the childhood, they have different congenital born in the ability in language and speaking. Second, parents, family members and others react differently toward the male children than female ones. Last, male has possibility to have stuttering than the female as basically male has different reaction to others (Conture & Guitar, 2007).

The research says that the arising of the stutterer disorder is from a deep-seated dysphemia, from emotional conflict in which the hesitant speech reflects an underlying anxiety, and from environmental factors which tend to interfere with the child‟s mastery of the fluency aspect of speech learning (Riper, 1963). Based on the explanation, the stuttering that is being discussed in this study is the stuttering that is part of the psychological disorder. The psychological disorder shows the trauma of the previous stage of life.

The focus on this study shows that the king suffers from the stuttering because of the traumatic during his childhood. He has got suppression during the childhood that he is forced to be right-handed though originally he is left-handed. Furthermore, he is also forced to straight his legs while he has disorder in

walking straightly. Therefore, Riper says that besides shock, fright and illness, the stuttering may be depicted by many kinds of symbolic and cumulative factors (Riper, 1963). Symbol shows the emotional causes that the stuttering focuses in situations that symbolize the conflict.

The other reason why someone can have stuttering is because of depression. Depression has also been considered a possible process that may occur with stuttering (Gayle & Back, 2013). Depression is characterized by five or more symptoms that are not similar to one‟s previous functioning during a two week period. The examples are like depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, insomnia and loss of energy.

Anxiety has been the common characteristic for speakers who stutter. It has been analyzed by the researchers for many years (Gayle & Back, 2013). The stutterers usually feel worry about the thing that is not supposed to be worried. They tend to be angry easily over the simple thing.

Two journals have research about the relation among communication, anxiety, and depression between the people who stutter and the people who does not stutter. The research finds that people who stutter have anxiety that tend to be negative (Miller & Watson, 1992). Moreover, another research says that through the stuttering in the social anxiety, it is found that people who stutter have over anxiety and negative judgment to the social interactive (Menzies, Onslowa, & Messenger, 2004).

In the study of psycholinguistics, the stuttering is a part of language disorder (Field, 2003). Words may be stressed erratically of left incomplete as a result of the general hesitancy of speech that leads to irregularities of rhythm and

intonation. Since the sufferers are aware of this condition, they may paraphrase or use general terms to avoid words that they anticipate will be difficult. The stutterers feel anxiety in the way they overestimate the severity of their symptoms. They also feel as bad listeners because they feel that they have to focus on their own production (Field, 2003).

The journal published by British Medical Journal states that the stuttering happens as the psychological condition. It usually happens because of the fear of one or other parent who is usually the father. The other cases are the feeling of inferiority (British Medical Journal: 1965). The childhood trauma happens in this psychological aspect. An adult must have stuttering when he or she has tendency to have oppression in his or her childhood.

In order to overcome the stuttering disorder, the clinicians try the best method. Unfortunately, there are many debates in determining the best method overcoming the stuttering. There are many disagreements among the clinicians and the researchers in finding the best method to be able to get the outcomes of the treatment. Examples include the appropriate means for collecting treatment outcomes data, the nature of the data that are collected, the value of existing data in the published literature, the role of the clinician and client in providing treatment outcomes data, and, ultimately, the interpretation of those data (Howell, 2005). Therefore, this study offers the combination of method in possibility effective to overcome the stuttering.

In fact, the stutterers have the right to choose the effective treatment to be able to overcome their disorder. They have to feel comfortable with the methods offered by the therapists or in other word, clinicians. The feeling of comfortable

has significant role in achieving the progress of the medication. Moreover, the motivation to overcome their stuttering is also varied. Whatever the reasons for their overcoming from the disorder, there are research studies designed to systematically survey people who stutter regarding the goals they have for speech therapy, their desired outcomes from treatment, and which approaches to treatment they prefer (Howell, 2005).

People who stutter have negative thought that their surrounding will mock them. That thought makes them afraid to their surroundings where people who stutter associate the talking experience as a bad experience which is anxiety. As a consequence, people who stutter will be stiff, afraid to go outside and afraid to read (Blood, Susman, Simpson, & Blood, 1994).

To sum up with, stuttering happens because of talking to a group of people or superior ones because the stutterer feels afraid that he might be disappointed. It is also known that male stutterer has dominant number than female mostly because childhood trauma pointing that male has to be more superior to female. This kind of stuttering is part of psychological disorder that has the symptom such as depression, anxiety and feeling inferiority. These symptoms are as the result from the parent oppression especially the father. Fortunately, there is a kind of stuttering that can be cured as long as the stutterer still sings and speaks alone fluently.

Stuttering does not only happen psychologically which means that the stutterer feels oppressed based on the childhood trauma. The stuttering disorder can also be explained through the neurology aspect. Since this study deals with

the linguistic aspect, therefore neurolinguistics is needed to be able to analyze what happens to the human brain in people with stuttering.

2.4.1 The Treatment for Stutterers

The stutterers are not easy to deal with particular method or even the background of the reason may be varied. There are several approaches in overcoming the stuttering based on the need of the patient. This study offers three different treatments in order to overcome the stuttering.

2.4.3.1Valsalva Mechanism

The first treatment is the result of the personal experience of a licensed Speech-Language Pathologist, William D. Parry, who had experienced stuttering when he was 4 years old. He conducts the treatment by himself using the method called Valsalva mechanism. “Valsalva mechanism is a neurologically coordinated term of muscles throughout the body which act together in the performance of a valsalva maneuver” (Parry, 2011). The purpose of Valsalva maneuver is to increase air pressure in the lungs, in order to help a person exert physical effort or force things out of the body.

The work of the valsalva maneuver is explained through the several mechanism.

The abdominal muscles are expected to be tightening up, squeezing the intestines and organs in the abdominal cavity. It is done so that they press upward against the diaphragm which is the dome-shaped muscles separating the abdominal cavity from the chest cavity. It causes the diaphragm to enlarge upward, compressing the chest cavity. Moreover, certain chest muscles also tighten to bring the rib cage down, which compresses the chest cavity even more (Parry, 2011).

Diagram 1.2.4.3.1 A Valsalva Maneuver (Parry, 2011)

Until a particular moment, the larynx is neurologically programmed to close tightly around the upper airway to keep the air in the lungs from escaping. When the abdominal muscles squeeze more, the air pressure becomes great in the lungs from escaping. This activity makes the larynx close tighter. This is called “effort closure” (Parry, 2011).

It is globally known that the function of larynx is to form the phonation. However when it is conducted valsava maneuver, the mechanism is different with what happen to the phonation process. “The entire inside of the larynx closes tightly, like a fist, to block the air completely. If for some reason your lips or tongue are blocking the airway when you start a Valsalva maneuver, they will be recruited to continue the closure. They will automatically press harder and harder to keep the air from escaping” (Parry, 2011).

Relating to the stuttering, valsalva mechanism tries to trick the neuron about the focus activity that the person might have repeatedly.

It is like the game of „pointing to the finger‟ and „making a fist‟. When a person is trained to point to the finger repeatedly and then the trainer suddenly commands to make a fist, then the result is that the person might have possibility to point the finger. It is because the brain receives the same command in a row and it cannot be ready to receive another sudden command. The trick is part of the neurology case (Parry, 2011).

It also happens when overcoming the stuttering. The person who stutters need a distraction neurologically therefore they will not focus too much on what will they say.

2.4.3.2The Van Riperian Method

Most of the speech therapists do the same following mechanism such as timing mechanism, both manual and automatic devices, and breathing and relaxation techniques are once again being introduced to the stutterers who seek for help. However, in the implication, it always depends on the therapist own method to approach the patient. Therefore, the author of this method believes that “the following factors such as speech pathologists, those gadgets, tricks, or other distractions devices are not the most advantageous methods that is available to stutterers” (Helliesen, 2008).

The Van Riperian method is a “take control and self-responsibility” method that is for controlling one‟s own speech and destiny. To control the stuttering, certain techniques are taught to the stutterers. In this way, it allows them to be the effective communicator, therefore, decreasing the negative emotions and symptomatology that are associated with stutterers. Being an effective communicator, someone must provide the verbal communication with little distraction that is caused by the stutterer‟s speech (Helliesen, 2008).

Being knowledgeable and one whom the stutterers can trust and respect as partner in the therapy are the goals that therapist should do to guide the stutterers

out of the “swamp of despair” (Helliesen, 2008). Providing motivation is also part of therapist role to the stutterer by reinforcing those moments of triumph and helping the stutterers analyze speech therapy failures and turn them into success.

The therapists must know the basic symptom from the stutterers. They have to identify the stutterers‟ characteristics that are mostly negative emotion such as penalty, frustration, anxiety, guilt and hostility. This step is believed to help to maintain the stuttering because those symptoms should be reduced during the therapy. “Desencitization therapy occurs continually as therapy proceeds, and it allows the stutterers to look more objectively at this speech as they progresses through the various step” (Helliesen, 2008).

2.5 Related studies

Related studies are needed to compare the research with the other existed research that have the same topic and/or object. While functioning as the comparison, the studies also function to prove that the research has the own interest that differs from the previous researches. Therefore, there are two related studies; a journal and a thesis that are used as the related studies in this research.

The other researches relating to the movie The King‟s Speech have existed. Journal titled Style and Language of Inequality in the Movie, The King‟s Speech that is written by Saima Karim is quite different with the previous one. It analyzes the power of language in the movie King‟s Speech. It turns out that the relationship between language and social inequality is the idea that some expressions of language are valued more than others in a way that is associated with some people being more valued than others and some ideas expressed by people through language being more valued than others (Karim, 2015).

The second study is from Riha Rahma Mufida in her thesis titled The

Discourse of The King‟s Speech Film by Tom Hooper. This research uses Cultural Studies as the approach to the discourse analysis. It uses the qualitative data analysis and data analysis techniques descriptively and interpretatively. Other than using Cultural Studies approach, it uses the hermeneutic approach (Mufida, 2015).

2.6 Theoretical framework

Theoretical framework reveals the significant of the theories. The theories are presented in chapter II. They are useful to be the basic knowledge to support the analysis.

The first research question is the discourse presented through the interaction between the therapist and the king. The script is the main object of the analysis. Theory of discourse analysis is used to explain the foundation of the research. Therefore, the type of discourse is presented. This research has written textual discourse meaning that the object is in the product of written text. The written text is used because the object is in the form of movie script though inside the script there is a spoken form. The pragmatic theory is adopted to get the basic knowledge about implicature.

The structure of language is analyzed through the Seven Building Tasks of Language (SBTL) and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). SBTL explains the tasks of the language use by the significance, activities, identities, relationships, politics, connections and sign system and knowledge. Meanwhile, the structure of language is seen through its clause. Thus SFG offers the analysis through its ideational, interpersonal and textual function.

The second research question shows the process on how the power of language works in order to overcome the stuttering. This part combines the theory of SBTL and SFG. The supported theories are the theory of stuttering as a psychological disorder and theory of the standard treatment. The latter is used to validate the treatment executed by the therapist.

32 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Type

This research is Discourse Analysis since it deals with several considerations. The consideration concerns in analyzing the language use applied by the therapist and the king. It shows the language use and how it is significant in the treatment activity.

The first consideration is to reveal the significant language that is used. Therefore, it can gain significant result such as overcoming the stuttering. Language is not only a matter of speaking but also the other elements that support the communication goals such as gesture in body language. Thus, language is considered to be able to reveal the significant in healing treatment activity.

The second consideration is to be able to acquire the other supported element in the study of Discourse Analysis. Systemic functional grammar and seven building tasks of language are part of the elements that support the analysis. They are indeed useful in analyzing the Discourse Analysis in the movie.

3.2 Research Object

Since the focus of the research is the use of language, the movie titled The

King‟s Speech is used to gather the data. The use of language in this movie is significant to the healing process of stuttering used by the therapist. The movie titled The King Speech filmed on 2010 is directed by Tom Hooper staring Colin Firth as King George VI and Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue, the therapist.

The year was 1939 in England when peoples require a king who was firmness, clarity and resolve. They did not need a king who stammered punctuated with tortured silences (Ebert, 2010). The truth is Albert as the king George VI is not supposed to be a king since he has older brother named Edward. However, Edward wants to marry a commoner widow that it is crossed the constitution rule. It is decided that Albert will be the next king, King George VI. Considering his new task, Albert as the king tries his best to be proper in speaking in front of his people.

His struggle finds a good therapist coming to an end when he meets Lionel Logue. Through this movie, there is a lot of conversation as a part of therapy that is significant to the overcoming of stuttering. During the therapy session, the language that is used by Lionel Logue is very significant to the healing process of the king‟s stuttering.

This movie has many good reviews and recognition. The multiple nominations that this film receives take forever to read so here are the awards the film won. The King‟s Speech received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year. At the 83rd Academy Awards, The King‟s Speech has won 4 Academy awards for Best Picture, Best Director (Tom Hooper), Best Actor (Colin Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler). Besides the four categories it has won, the film has received a total of 12 nominations at the 2011 Oscars (Filmmakers, 2015).

3.3 Research Data

The printed script of this movie consists of 90 pages. Thorough it, the conversation between the king and the therapist happens in the most frequency

and in the random scenes. Moreover, not the entire scene contributes the significant thing to be analyzed in this study.

The collection of the data is limited to the selection of conversation conducted by the king and the therapist. It has significant role in the development of the study and its connection to the related theories. How the language that is used by the therapist help overcoming the king‟s stuttering is becoming the object of this study.

The first cycle is chosen to collect the data. The data are the conversation and interaction between the king and the therapist. Therefore, the entire conversation and interaction are used and analyzed. It is because the conversation and interaction as the data are significant to the entire study in order to prove the significance of language use used by the therapist to overcome the king‟s stuttering.

3.4 Data analysis

The process of collecting data started with the interest in analyzing the method overcoming the stuttering as it related to the use of language. Furthermore, it was about the disorder in language practice, in this case speaking. To be able to discuss the study thoroughly, the study took an interest of movie titled The King‟s Speech directed by Tom Hooper. This movie told about the king who had stuttering and the therapist who had succeeded in overcoming the king‟s stuttering especially with the power of language use.

This study was going to be a discourse analysis study. It focused on the language use and how the language use gave contribution to the particular field like in politics or identity background. Since the study started with discourse

(Bertie notices the plane left behind by Logue‟s sons.)

- - Unmarked -

BERTIE: A Curtis bi-plane. - - Unmarked Declarative: positive LOGUE: I‟ll put on some hot milk. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive BERTIE: Logue, I‟d kill for

something stronger.

- + Marked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: I wasn‟t there for my

father‟s death.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

negative

Still makes me sad. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive BERTIE: I can imagine so. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive (Lionel passes Bertie a brandy.) - - Unmarked -

BERTIE (CONT’D) : What did you father do?

- - Unmarked Interrogative: wh- question LIONEL: A brewer. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

BERTIE: Oh. + - Unmarked -

LIONEL: At least there was free beer.

+ - Marked Declarative:

positive

(Pause.) Left unanalyzed

LIONEL (CONT’D) : Here‟s to the memory of your father.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

(They sit.) - - Unmarked -

BERTIE: I was informed, - - Unmarked Declarative: positive after the fact, my father‟s last words

were:

+ - Marked Declarative:

positive “Bertie has more guts than the rest

of his brothers put together.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive ”He couldn‟t say that to my face. - - Unmarked Declarative:

negative

(Silence.) Left unanalyzed

BERTIE (CONT’D) : (blurts) My brother.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

That‟s why I‟m here. + - Marked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: What‟s he done? - - Unmarked Interrogative:

wh- question BERTIE: Can‟t say. - - Marked Declarative:

negative I can‟t puh-puh-puh... - - Unmarked Declarative:

negative

constrict.)

LIONEL: Try singing it. - - Unmarked Imperative BERTIE: Pardon? + - Unmarked -

LIONEL: Know any songs? - - Unmarked Interrogative: yes/no

BERTIE: Songs? - - Unmarked Interrogative: wh- question LIONEL: Yes songs. + - Unmarked Declarative:

positive BERTIE: “Swanee River”. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: I love that song. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive BERTIE: Happens to be my

favorite.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: Sing it then. - - Unmarked Imperative:

positive

Give me the chorus. - - Unmarked Imperative:

positive BERTIE: No. Certainly not. + - Unmarked Declaration:

negative

(fascinated by the plane) - - Unmarked -

Always wanted to build models. + - Unmarked Declarative: positive Father wouldn‟t allow it. - - Unmarked Declarative:

negative

He collected stamps. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

I had to collect stamps. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: You can finish that off. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive (Bertie eagerly reaches for some

balsa.)

- - Unmarked -

LIONEL (CONT’D) : If you sing. (to “Swanee River”)

+ - Unmarked Declarative:

positive “When I was a boy with

David...upon the Swanee River.”

+ - Marked Declarative:

positive BERTIE: I can‟t sit here singing! - - Unmarked Exclamative LIONEL: You can with me. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive BERTIE: Because you‟re peculiar. + - Unmarked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: I take that as a

compliment.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive BERTIE: I‟m not crooning “Swanee

LIONEL: Try “Camptown Races” then.

- - Unmarked Imperative:

positive (sings) “My brother D, he said to

me,

- + Marked Declarative:

positive

doodah doo-dah...” + - Unmarked -

Continuous sound will give you flow.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

Does it feel strange, - - Unmarked Interrogative:

yes/no

now that David‟s on the throne? + - Marked Interrogative: yes/no

BERTIE: It was a relief... - - Unmarked Declarative: positive Knowing I wouldn‟t be King. - - Marked Declarative:

negative (Reaches into his jacket for his

cigarette case.

- - Unmarked -

Then remembers, puts it away. + - Marked -

LIONEL: But unless he produces an heir,

+ - Marked Declarative:

negative

you‟re next in line. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive And your daughter, Elizabeth,

would then succeed you.

+ + Unmarked Declarative:

positive BERTIE: “You‟re barking up the

wrong tree now, Doctor, Doctor.” - + Unmarked Declarative: positive LIONEL: “Lionel, Lionel.” - + Unmarked Declarative:

positive

You didn‟t stammer. - - Unmarked Declarative:

negative BERTIE: Of course I didn‟t

stammer,

+ - Unmarked Declarative:

negative

I was singing! - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

(realises) - - Unmarked -

Oh... + - Unmarked -

LIONEL: Well, as a little reward, you get to put some glue on these struts.

+ - Marked Imperative:

positive BERTIE: David and I were very

close.

- + Unmarked Declarative:

positive

Young bucks... - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

You know. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: Chase the same girls? - - Marked Interrogative:

BERTIE: David was always very helpful in arranging introductions.

- + Unmarked Declarative:

positive We shared the expert ministrations

of “Paulette” in Paris.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive Not at the same time of course. - - Unmarked Declarative:

negative

(An uncomfortable silence. - - Unmarked -

Too much has been said.) - - Unmarked -

LIONEL: Did David tease you? - + Unmarked Interrogative: yes/no

BERTIE: They all did. - - Unmarked Declarative: positive “Buh-buh-buh-Bertie”. + - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

Father encouraged it. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

“Get it out, boy!” - + Unmarked Imperative:

Said - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

it would make me stop. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

Said - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive ...”I was afraid of my father, - - Unmarked Declarative:

negative and my children are damn well

going to be afraid of me”.

+ - Unmarked Declarative:

negative (Lionel has been watching Bertie

work on the model.)

- - Unmarked -

LIONEL: Naturally right handed? - - Marked Interrogative: yes/no

BERTIE: Left. - - Unmarked Declarative: positive

I was punished. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

Now I use the right. + - Unmarked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: Yes, that‟s very common

with stammerers.

+ + Unmarked Declarative:

positive Anything other corrections? - - Marked Interrogative:

yes/no BERTIE: Knock knees. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

(Lionel waits.) - - Unmarked -

BERTIE (CONT’D) : Metal splints were made...

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

positive LIONEL: That must have been

painful.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive BERTIE: Bloody agony. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

Straight legs now. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: Who were you closest to

in your family?

- - Unmarked Interrogative: wh –

question BERTIE: Nannies. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive Not my first nanny, though.. - - Unmarked Declarative:

negative

she loved David... - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

hated me. - - Unmarked Declarative:

negative When I was presented to my parents

for the daily viewing, she‟d...

+ - Marked Declarative:

positive (The stammering produced by the

memory halts him.)

- - Unmarked -

LIONEL: Sing it. - - Unmarked Imperative: positive BERTIE: (tunelessly) “She pinch

me so I‟d cry,

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive and be sent away at once, + - Unmarked Declarative:

positive then she wouldn‟t feed me, + - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

far far away.” - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive (speaks) Took Three years for my

parents to notice.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive As you can imagine, it caused some

stomach problems.

+ - Marked Declaration:p

ositive

Still. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: What about your brother

Johnnie?

- - Unmarked Interrogative: wh- question

Were you close to him? - - Unmarked Interrogative:

yes/no BERTIE: Sweet boy. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

Epilepsy... - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive and...he was ‟different‟. + - Unmarked Declarative:

positive (MORE) Died at 13, hidden from

view.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive Too embarrassing for the family. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive (nervous) I‟ve been told - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive

it‟s not catching. - - Unmarked Declarative:

negative LIONEL: Do you want a top-up? - - Unmarked Interrogative:

yes/no BERTIE: Please. - + Unmarked Declarative:

positive (Lionel gets up to pour another

drink.)

- - Unmarked -

BERTIE (CONT’D) : You know, Lionel, you‟re the first ordinary Englishman...

- + Marked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: Australian. - - Unmarked Declarative:

positive BERTIE: ...I‟ve ever really spoken

to.

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive Sometimes, when I ride through the

streets and see,

+ - Marked Declarative:

positive you know, the Common Man staring

at me,

+ - Unmarked Declarative:

positive I‟m struck by how little I know of

his life,

- - Unmarked Declarative:

positive and how little he

knows of mine.

+ - Unmarked Declarative:

positive LIONEL: What‟re friends for. - - Marked Imperative:

positive BERTIE: I wouldn‟t know. - - Unmarked Declarative: