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F. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation, the writer feels that it is necessary to define some terms that will be used in this study. The
definitions are as follows.
1. Politeness Strategies
According to Brown and Levinson 1987: 68, politeness strategies are used to formulate messages in order to save the hearer’s face when face-
threatening acts are inevitable or desired. They propose four kinds of strategies. They are Bald on Record strategy direct strategy, Positive Politeness solidarity
strategy, Negative Politeness deference strategy, and Off Record strategy indirect strategy. Politeness strategies in this study are therefore dealing with the
use of language or the way of talking of the main characters by considering those five strategies in order to minimize face threat or smooth their intentions or
requests when they are engaging in conversations.
2. Positive face and Negative face
The term face may be defined as the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a
particular contact Goffman 1967: 5. Meanwhile, Brown and Levinson state that face is the public self-image that every member of society wants to claim for
himself 1987: 61. They then divided face into two separate, but related aspects, namely positive face and negative face. Tracy explains that positive face concerns
the desire to be appreciated and approved of by selected others. Negative face
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7 concerns a person’s want to be unimpeded and free from imposition 1990: 210.
In this study, positive face is dealing with the main characters’ wants to be loved by others, for instance, by being appreciated or approved of when involving in
conversations. Meanwhile, negative face is defined as the main characters’ feelings or wants not to be imposed by others in conversation.
3. FTA Face Threatening Act
If a person says something that represents a threat to another individual’s expectations regarding self-image, it is regarded as face threatening act Yules,
1996: 61. Face threatening acts, in this study, are concerned with the main characters’ acts that may threaten either the positive or the negative face of their
interlocutor.
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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Kategori