Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

33 action by this we also mean speech acts which threatens the addressee’s autonomy and freedom of action and usually is conveyed in the form of an order.

B. Theoretical Framework

This study particularly aims at observing and analyzing the use of politeness strategies which are produced by the main characters of Thank You for Smoking in their conversations, and then finding out what factors that may influence their use of politeness strategies by applying the model of Brown and Levinson. The result of this study would be a description of the use of the politeness strategies employed by the main characters of Thank You for Smoking in their conversations. In order to identify and analyze the use of politeness strategies in Thank You for Smoking, some related theories have been presented previously. Since the focus of this study is the use of politeness strategies employed by the main characters in their conversations, it is obvious that it would be related to understanding many various utterances in conversation or the use of language in conversation. In other words, firstly the writer indeed needs to comprehend the meaning of the characters’ utterances in context Pragmatics. Further, the writer presented the theory of speech acts, the category of speech acts, and the classification of illocutionary acts. As stated by Searle that all utterances, not just those containing performative verbs, constitute acts. This means that every utterance people say might imply a kind of stating, ordering, requesting, or even imposing, etc. In addition, speech acts cannot be separated PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 34 from pragmatics and politeness. They really influence each other. In other words, it is obvious that one utterance could convey one or more than one speech acts or meaning. Those acts would be able to change depending on the context of speaking. Thus, without understanding meaning in context and speech acts of utterances, it would be difficult to classify the utterances into the politeness strategies. The theories of sociolinguistics, namely language choice and domain were also presented in this study, since politeness strategies are under the scope of sociolinguistics. Thus, speaking politely is absolutely dealing with sociolinguistic aspects. People try to respect others by choosing the most appropriate linguistic choice when they speak to different people parents good friends boss, or in different situations or domains office, church, interview, family activities, etc in order to construct smooth conversation and being polite. Furthermore, the selection of language choice in conversation is extremely influenced by some factors. They are the social backgrounds of both the speaker and the addressee, the relationship between the speaker and the addressee, and the context and manner of the interaction. In chapter two, the writer presented politeness strategies model proposed by Brown and Levinson in order to be able to answer the first research question stated in chapter one; How do the main characters of Thank You for Smoking use the politeness strategies in their conversations? The writer applied the politeness strategies of Brown and Levinson, due to their more detailed and understandable explanation of politeness strategies. Therefore, after understanding the meaning of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 35 each utterance, the writer classified the utterances into four kinds of politeness strategies, namely Bald on Record, Positive Politeness, Negative Politeness, and Off Record. In addition, the writer also took socio-cultural variables of Brown and Levinson’s Model into account. Those variables were also combined with sociolinguistic aspect, namely the social dimensions proposed by Holmes. By comprehending the social factors of politeness, the writer could easily solve the second research question that is finding out what factors that may influence the use of politeness strategies produced by the main characters of Thank You for Smoking. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 36

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the discussion of methodology used to gain the data of this research. It is divided into six parts. The first part is Research Method. It describes how the research data will be observed and how research problem will be answered. The second part is Research Subject. It explains the center of the research, who or what is going to be observed in the whole research. The third part is Research Instruments. It illustrates the tool used to gather the data. The fourth part is Data Gathering Technique. It exemplifies the process of gathering the data. The fifth part is Data Analysis Technique. It describes how the writer analyzes the data. Finally, Research Procedure mentions and explains the steps of conducting the research.

A. Research Method

Since this research was dealing with how people speak or modify their utterances in conversations, the writer conducted a qualitative research. It is in line with the definition of qualitative research from Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh that qualitative research focuses on understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the human participants in the study. It provides narrative description and interpretation rather than a numerical analysis of data 2002a: 22- 25. In addition, since this research attempted to investigate the use of politeness strategies in movie the first research question, the writer applied a document 36 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI