i. Mannerism
The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character 1972: 161-173.
Furthermore, Roberts and Jacobs state that round characters are usually the major character and central figures. An author develops them fully with many
traits. Round characters are many-sided and possess many unpredictable human traits. They are considered as dynamic for having capacity to change and grow. At
the beginning of a story, the major character may have different quality compared to the end of the story 1987: 121.
The opposite of round characters is flat characters. Flat characters do not change within the story. Flat characters are usually minor characters. They are
static and usually face the same challenges. To reveal whether they are round or flat, readers must use their own knowledge and experience with human beings to
make finding about character’s quality 1987: 121-122.
2. Theories of Dream
Theories of dream are applied in presenting the revelation on the characterization of the main character, Charley. Two people known as great dream
analysts are Freud and Jung. Sigmund Freud in his book The Interpretation of Dream wrote that
Aristotle in his book Concerning Dreams and their Interpretation asserted that “the dream is of demonical, thought not of divine nature, which indeed contains
deep meaning, if it be correctly interpreted.” Aristotle also acquainted with some dream’s characteristics. One of them is that dream turns slight sensations
perceived during sleep into great ones 1913: 2. Freud said that the dream is a wish-fulfillment. It is not meaningless not
absurd. “It is a physic phenomenon of full value, and indeed the fulfillment of wish.” The character of wish-fulfillment in dreams is often undisguised and
recognizable, so that one may wonder why the language of dreams has not been understood 1913: 103-104.
Based on Freud, dream is formed from the unconscious state but try to work in the conscious state. Freud believed that dreams are wish fulfillments. The
latent content or the unconscious material usually goes back to the childhood experience. The manifest content or the conscious description often based from
the past experiences Feist, 2002: 51. For Freud, the dream reveals what the dreamer would rather keep hidden.
By exploring the dream, someone is forced to face things that are suppressed and rejected within oneself. On the other hand, Jung thought the dream acts as a
mirror off the ego. It reveals what is missing within the dreamer’s consciousness. Jung considered a dream to be a compensation of neglected aspect of a dreamer’s
personality in waking life. In Theories of Personality, Jung stated that “the natural condition of human is to move toward completion or self-realization. Thus, if
person’s conscious live is incomplete in certain area, the person’s unconscious self will strive to complete that condition through the dream process” Feist, 2002:
119.
Jung 1964 believed that people used symbols to represent a variety of concepts – not merely sexual ones – to try to comprehend the
“innumerable things beyond the range of human understanding”. Dreams are our conscious and spontaneous attempt to know the unknowable, to
comprehend a reality that can only expressed symbolically Feist, 2002: 125.
The purpose of Jungian dream interpretation is “to uncover elements
from the personal and collective unconscious and to integrate them into consciousness in order to facilitate the process of individuation” Feist, 2002:
228. Jung believed that to understand a dream the analyst has to unravel the relationship with the dreamer and his life, then discovering the significance of the
various images the dream present. Each image or symbol must be taken in turn till its meaning for the dreamer is established as nearly as possible. Each dream is
taken as a direct expression of the dreamer’s unconscious and only to be understood in this light Fordham, 1956: 97.
Freud’s Delusion and Dream realizes that the impression made by the dream on our conscious judgment seems to support the idea that its peculiarities
are only due to a psychological deficiency in the state of sleep. We should consider a mad man who in waking life, behaved as he often appeared to do in his
dreams. He, who in waking life, spoke or communicated such things as he appears to do in his dreams 1956: 20.
According to Jolande Jacobi in his essay Symbols in an Individual Analysis.
“If a young person is afraid of life and finds it hard to adjust to reality, he might prefer to dwell in his fantasies or to remain a child. In such a
young person especially if he is introvert one can sometimes discover unexpected treasures in the unconsciousness strengthen his ego and give
him the physic energy he needs to grow into a mature person. That is the
function of the powerful symbolism of our dreams.” Dream can be interpreted on an objective level or on a subjective level.
On objective level the dream is related to the dreamer’s environment, while on subjective level the dream-figures are taken as representing aspects of the
dreamer’s personality. Fordham states, “The subjective aspect of dreams becomes more important in the subjective level of analysis when the personal problems
have been seen and understood” 1956: 99.
3. Theory on Decision Making
