30
Table 4.2. Assessment of Normality
Variable c.r.
kurtosis c.r.
POCKETMONEY 4,771
,315 ,909
C4 ,744
-,615 -1,774
B4 ,354
-,567 -1,637
M4 ,419
-,111 -,322
P4 ,690
-,718 -2,074
B3 1,321
-,601 -1,736
B2 1,954
-,401 -1,158
B1 6,407
,616 1,777
C1 -3,549
-,177 -,510
C2 ,127
-,435 -1,257
C3 ,615
-,495 -1,429
M1 -1,603
-,048 -,137
M2 -1,090
,207 ,598
M3 -2,946
,266 ,769
P1 1,540
-,352 -1,015
P2 -1,271
-,055 -,159
P3 1,224
-,332 -,959
Multivariate 8,592
2,390
Source: appendix 8
4.2.2. Outliers
1. Univariate Outliers
Univariate outlier test was done first before the multivariate outlier test. Here, to check the univariate outliers, the z-scores of all indicators were
calculated then evaluated with a cut-off value. The total sample used in this study was greater than 80, therefore the outlier was indicated when the z-
score was greater than four. As seen in table 4.3, none of the indicators was found to have z-score greater than four. The lowest z-score was 0.9 for
31 indicator B1 while the highest score was shown by indicator P1 with the
score 3.23. This finding supported the conclusion from the previous normality assessment that the data was normally distributed and there was no
univariate outlier.
Table 4.3. Descriptive Statistics of Z-score
Minimum Maximum
ZscorePOCKETMONEY -1,036
3,194 ZscoreB1
-,925 2,871
ZscoreB2 -1,493
2,818 ZscoreB3
-1,506 2,827
ZscoreB4 -1,554
2,703 ZscoreC1
-2,319 1,749
ZscoreC2 -1,729
2,215 ZscoreC3
-1,636 2,082
ZscoreC4 -1,554
1,978 ZscoreP1
-1,426 3,230
ZscoreP2 -2,003
3,052 ZscoreP3
-1,492 3,227
ZscoreP4 -1,495
1,929 ZscoreM1
-3,008 1,795
ZscoreM2 -3,014
1,789 ZscoreM3
-3,194 1,692
ZscoreM4 -2,361
1,981
Source: appendix 9
2. Multivariate Outliers
The Mahalanobis distance was employed in order to check multivariate outlier although it has been found that there was no univariate
32 outlier. The criteria used here was the Mahalanobis distance for p 0.01.
The distance then evaluated using chi square χ
2
with the degree of freedom as much as the number of indicators used. There were 16 indicators used in
this study, therefore the criteria for the Mahalanobis distance for p 0.01 was
χ
2
16, 0.001 = 39.25. Multivariate outlier was indicated when the Mahalanobis distance was greater than 39.25. Looking at table 4.4 below, the
Mahalanobis distance was reported 16.41. This distance was eveb less than a half of the standard 39, therefore the conclusion was there wasn‟t any
multivariate outlier. This finding also supported the previous conclusion that there wasn‟t any outlier.
Table 4.4. Residuals Statistics
Minimum Maximum
Mean
Predicted Value 6.332
13.418 10.235
Std. Predicted Value -2.695
2.198 .000
Standard Error of Predicted Value
.159 .654
.299 Adjusted Predicted Value
6.169 13.330
10.238 Residual
-5.777 6.176
.000 Std. Residual
-2.612 2.793
.000 Stud. Residual
-2.650 2.807
-.001 Deleted Residual
-5.944 6.241
-.003 Stud. Deleted Residual
-2.692 2.858
.000
Mahal. Distance .029
16.413 2.985
Cooks Distance .000
.068 .006
Centered Leverage Value .000
.082 .015
Source: appendix 10
33
4.3. Structural Equation Modelling
