E. Research Instruments
One of the qualitative research characteristics is that the researcher acts as the key instrument by collecting data by himself. He may use a protocol to gain
the data collection, but actually the reseachrer is the one who gathers the information. The key instrument of this research was the researcher himself using
the concept of form of racism based on the theory of postcolonialism by Franz Fanon as illustrated in the analytical construct presented in the chart at the end of
chapter II. It means the researcher played all the roles in the research, from finding the theme, collecting the data, and analyzing the data.
F. Data Trustworthiness
To show the generalizability, internal validity, reliability, and objectivity, trustworthiness is the key in a research Given, 2008: 895. The strength of a
qualitative research can be seenfrom the validity, whether the findings are accurate from the researcher standpoint, the participants, and the readers.
Reliability means the dependability or consistency, which shows that the same thing is repeated under the identical or very similar conditions.
The research’s reliability was gained by using intra-rater technique which is the degree of agreement among raters through these steps. First, the researcher
evaluated the data of his research with theoretical concept presented in the chart of analytical construct. Second, the researcher read and re-read the data until he
got the certainty of the data with valid interpretation with the references presented in the analytical construct. This was to keep the consistency of the data.
During the process of collecting the data, the researcher implemented a collaborator, a peer debriefer Cresswell, 2009: 192, to review and to ask
questions in order to get the similarity between the researcher’s interpretation and the peer debriefer’s interpretation. The researcher asked some friends who
wereliterature students as reviewers, to check the data of this research and give their interpretation. The discussion with reviewers was conducted to get the same
interpretation to achieve validity of the data. Besides, the researcher also consulted the data to his consultant, Dr. Widyastuti Purbani, M.A., who was
competent in analyzing literary works. Those processes were done through the whole data.
G. Data Analysis
Data analysis is the crucial part of a qualitative research because it includes gathering and linking the data into a concept Given, 2008: 186.
Furthermore, there are six steps in data analysis: organizing and preparing the data, reading through all the data, coding the data, giving a description,
interrelating description and interpreting the meaning of description. Six steps to analyze the data are explained below.
1. The first is identifying the data from the novel by making some notes. 2. The second is reading and rereading the whole data and arranging the data
into a theme: the racism in the Southern United States.
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