D. Data Collection
There were four steps in the process of collecting data: reading, note taking, interpreting, and categorizing. Basically, reading and note taking are the
most important ways in data collecting technique. In this research, the researcher first read John Grisham’s A Time to Kill. In order to get the clear understanding
of the content of the text, the researcher had to perform the careful and comprehensive reading. Second, the researcher collected the data by making
simple notes or rewriting them in the form of main words, phrases, clauses, and sentences related to the racism. Third, the researcher re-read carefully the data in
order to have the clear interpretation. Fourth, the data were categorized into three main aspects of racism practice that suitable with the topic of discussion:
thelanguage of the whites to call the Blacks, the discrimination towards the blacks, the Ku Klux Klan’s racist actions. During the process of the data
collection, the researcher used a particular form of data sheet to easily see the progress of her research. The form of data sheet is presented in the figure below:
Table 1. The Form of Data Sheet No.
Data Page Sub Category
Category
1 “We’re not sure, but the Klan
most likely will get involved. We need to flex our muscle a
bit, and this could be a good opportunity.”
74 - Violence
2 “Go to hell, nigger.”
9
The Use of Derogatory Terms
The Use of Language
E. Research Instruments
One of the qualitative research characteristics is that the researcher acts as the key instrument by collecting data by himself. He may use a protocol to gain
the data collection, but actually the reseachrer is the one who gathers the information. The key instrument of this research was the researcher himself using
the concept of form of racism based on the theory of postcolonialism by Franz Fanon as illustrated in the analytical construct presented in the chart at the end of
chapter II. It means the researcher played all the roles in the research, from finding the theme, collecting the data, and analyzing the data.
F. Data Trustworthiness
To show the generalizability, internal validity, reliability, and objectivity, trustworthiness is the key in a research Given, 2008: 895. The strength of a
qualitative research can be seenfrom the validity, whether the findings are accurate from the researcher standpoint, the participants, and the readers.
Reliability means the dependability or consistency, which shows that the same thing is repeated under the identical or very similar conditions.
The research’s reliability was gained by using intra-rater technique which is the degree of agreement among raters through these steps. First, the researcher
evaluated the data of his research with theoretical concept presented in the chart of analytical construct. Second, the researcher read and re-read the data until he
got the certainty of the data with valid interpretation with the references presented in the analytical construct. This was to keep the consistency of the data.
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