The Definition of Motivations The Kinds of Motivations The Causes of Motivations

e. The Psychological Approach

The psychological approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. It uses various theories of psychology to explain the characters, motivation, and behaviour pattern 13. In this study, I apply the psychological approach. I focus on the motivations which become one of psychological issues of someone. The psychological approach leads us to analyze the character from the psychological point of view. The psychological approach helps me to understand the character’s personality and behaviour pattern better because it is from the psychological point of view which is related to the motivations.

2.1.4 Motivations

For the reason that this is the study of the major character’s motivations in living of the land in Alaska, I need to know some theories motivations. This part is about the theory of motivations which consists of the definition of motivations, the kinds of motivations, and the causes of motivations.

a. The Definition of Motivations

Psychologists, Bootzin et. al. state “motivation” as the “corresponding process” of an energetic behaviour which is “define its and state” 367. In order to make the definition understandable, Worchel and Shebilske say that motivations are “the reason why an individual plays in a certain way at a certain time” 373. Therefore, it can be understood that motivations are the certain behaviour and they are done of some purposes that lead to reach some goals. 12 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

b. The Kinds of Motivations

Worchel and Shebilske 1988: 408 divide motivations into two kinds. They are extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation comes from the external factors of an individual. The external factors might be come from their desires to pay, status, grades, promotion and the similar types of rewards. The other kind of motivations is the intrinsic motivation. When people do actions which are derived from the enjoyment and satisfaction, it is called intrinsic motivation. In addition, Worchel and Shebilske state that intrinsic motivation has two basis, they are: the people should control their behaviour and they should have feeling as a capable and a competent person. Basically, the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is on the activation of the action. The extrinsic motivation is activated by some rewards while intrinsic motivation is activated by enjoyment of the performance rather than an expectation of reward.

c. The Causes of Motivations

According to Maslow, motivation is classified into the needs hierarchy 35- 46. He classifies a hierarchy of human basic needs which is classifying human motivation. The hierarchy starts from the physiological needs, the safety and security needs, the love and belongingness needs, the self esteem needs, the self actualization needs. Maslow says that the higher level can not be activated until the lower level at least partially satisfied. The first needs are physiological needs. It includes the needs for food, oxygen, water, and sleep. “A person who is lacking of food, safety, love, and esteem would most probably hunger of food more strongly than anything else. 13 Maslow in Braun’s book adds that a person who is extremely hungry and thirsty would not even think of the social acceptance and security. He or she would become more creative to achieve the needs 35. When the physiological needs are satisfied, the safety and security needs come out. People needs to feel safe and they also need the stability, dependency, protection, freedom from fear, from anxiety and chaos, need for structure, order, law, limits, strength in protection. The safety needs come out when people feel threats by others in the sense of law, order, and the sense of authority 39. The needs of love, affection, and belongingness will emerge when the safety and security needs are satisfied. When someone feels left by other people, this kind of needs emerge 43. The next is the self-esteem needs. Maslow divides the self-esteem needs into two categories. The first one includes the desires of strength, achievement, adequacy, mastery and competence, confidence, and the independence and freedom. The second category consists of desires of reputation and prestige, status, fame, glory, dominance, recognition, dignity or appreciation. Maslow states that the satisfaction of the self-esteem needs leads to feelings of self confidence, worth, strength, capability, and adequacy of being useful and necessary in the world 45. The self-actualization needs usually emerge when the physiological needs, the safety and security needs, the love and belongingness needs, and the self- esteem needs are satisfied. Maslow says,”What man can be. He must be. He must be true to his own nature.” People should play their own actions without imitating 14 others. Being their own and doing what they can do is the example of self actualization. The lack of the self-actualization needs satisfaction needs might cause bad feelings, inferior and powerlessness 46. Motivation is caused by human needs which classify into hierarchy. Maslow states that the higher level of needs can not be activated until the lower level of needs at least partially satisfied.

2.2 Criticism