6 Reaction
The author also gives the readers a clue by letting us know how the character reacts toward various situations and events, as a way to describe the
character.
7 Direct comment
The author gives a straightforward comment or description to the readers about the character directly.
8 Thought
The author gives a clue about a character’s characteristics through the character’s thought.
9 Mannerism
The author may describe a person’s mannerism that may also represent the character.
2.1.3 Approaches
According to Rohrberger and Woods, there are five approaches which can be used in analyzing a literary work. They are formalist approach, the
biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach 3-15. Those five approaches are
explained as follows:
a. The Formalist Approach
The formalist approach insists on the totality of the integration of the literary works. The esthetic values of the novel shown from the harmonious
10 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
involvement of all parts to the whole, and it concerns with the point out how meaning is derived from structures and how matters of technique determine
structure 6-7.
b. The Biographical Approach
The biographical approach takes us to the necessity for an appreciation of the ideas and the personality of the author to an understanding of the literary
object. This approach derives the literary works as the reflection of someone’s personality. By reading it the readers may understand and get the author’s point of
view, ideas, and consciousness 8.
c. The Sociocultural – Historical Approach
The sociocultural – historical approach is considered from the social, cultural, and historical events where the literary work is produced. The subject
matter is the definition of the civilization of attitudes and actions. Civilization is defined as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people. It is necessary to
investigate the social milieu, the cultural and the historical background in which a novel is created 9.
d. The Mythopoeic Approach
The mythopoeic approach seeks to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thoughts which they may believe to find the expression in
significant work of art. The universally recurrent patterns are those that found first expression in ancient myths and folk rites and also basic to human thought that
they have meaning for all men 11. 11
e. The Psychological Approach
The psychological approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. It uses various theories of psychology to explain the
characters, motivation, and behaviour pattern 13. In this study, I apply the psychological approach. I focus on the motivations
which become one of psychological issues of someone. The psychological approach leads us to analyze the character from the psychological point of view.
The psychological approach helps me to understand the character’s personality and behaviour pattern better because it is from the psychological point of view
which is related to the motivations.
2.1.4 Motivations
For the reason that this is the study of the major character’s motivations in living of the land in Alaska, I need to know some theories motivations. This part
is about the theory of motivations which consists of the definition of motivations, the kinds of motivations, and the causes of motivations.
a. The Definition of Motivations
