perceived listening as the difficult and hardest skill to master will enjoy their listening exercises and tasks.
3. Other Researchers
It is hoped that this study will be beneficial for other researchers who would conduct similar study. This study can be very helpful for those who will
design similar materials on listening instructional materials for junior high school.
F. Definition of Terms
It is essential to clarify some terms used in this study in order to avoid confusion, misinterpretation and misunderstanding. Therefore, the writer provides
the definition of terms as follows:
1. Design
Design is “a developed plan to guide educational activities in a situation” Houle, 1978: 230. Hutchinson and Water 1994: 106 stated that “designing is as
creating a new set of materials that fit the learning objectives and specific subject area of particular learners.” In this study, the design is made to supply listening
materials for the ninth grade students of junior high school of SMP Negeri 11 Yogyakarta.
2. Instructional Materials
Instructional materials mean the material that is used to teach as well as the existing teaching material. According to Banathy 1976: 76, instruction is
“any interaction between the learner and his environment through which the learner is making progress toward the attainment of specific and purpose
knowledge, skills, and attitude.” In this study, the instructional listening materials contain listening exercises that are meant to teach listening for the ninth grade
students of SMP Negeri 11 Yogyakarta.
3. Listening Materials
Listening materials mean a set of materials used to practice and to train students’ ability in listening skill. In this study, the listening tasks will be in the
form of picture based listening, listening to monologue, listening to dialogue, and other tasks which have any relation to topics and the students’ needs.
4. Task- Based Learning
Task-based approach is communicative learning process which provides learners with a natural context for language used. Task-based learning gives many
opportunities for learners to interact through the tasks. As cited by Candlin and Murphy 1987: 1, the central purpose of task-based approach is that it concerns
the language learning, and tasks present students a problem-solving negotiation between knowledge that they hold and new knowledge. In this study, task-based
learning is learning that uses many tasks which consist of students’ real life needs and activities as learning experiences.
5. SMP Negeri 11 Yogyakarta
Junior High School is an intermediate school between Elementary School and Senior High School. It is a unit form of basic education, which runs three-
year-education program. The students who have graduated from elementary school have a right to join this basic education. In this study, the material design is
made for the highest level of Junior High School, that is, the ninth grade students of SMP Negeri 11 Yogyakarta. SMP Negeri 11 Yogyakarta is located at Jl. Hos
Cokroaminoto 127 Yogyakarta. It has four classes for each level. There are forty students in each class.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
