Figure 3.1 shows that in this research, the writer applied five steps of R D so-called research and information collecting, planning, developing preliminary
form of product, preliminary field testing and main product revising. Then the writer combined R D and the test development, which consisted of three stages,
in particular: design, operationalization, and test administration. The first stage that is design, was done after the first step of R D that is research and
information collecting. In this stage, the writer made a guideline so-called design statement before producing a multiple-choice reading test. The writer would limit
the scope of the test by making design statement of the test. In the second stage of Bachman’s and Palmer’s Test Development, operationalization was divided into
two steps of R D, step two and three of R D cycle, planning and developing preliminary form of product. As stated in the previous chapter that
operationalization consisted of three activities: selecting, specifying, and writing. The activities of selecting and specifying the test would be done in step two of R
D cycle, while writing the test would be done in step three, developing preliminary form of product. The last one was test administration was done in step
four of R D cycle, preliminary field testing. After gathering the answer sheets, the writer analyzed the result of the test and if needed, reported to the teacher.
Then, the writer revised the test’s item if needed.
1. Research and Information Collecting
In the first step, research and information collecting, the writer collected the literature review. Literature review is undertaken to collect research findings and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
other information pertinent to the planned development Borg Gall, 1983: 777. To obtain the literature review, the writer conducted an interview and a library
study. The writer interviewed the teacher who taught the students of grade X of Pangudi Luhur St. Yosef Surakarta Senior High School. By doing the interview,
the writer obtained the data on the tests specification. The writer needed the test specification because “test writer needs guidance on practical matters that will
assist test construction.” Alderson, Clapham, and Wall, 1995:11. The writer had conducted library study to obtain some theories related to the study as well as the
syllabus. After finishing this step, the writer applied Bachman’s and Palmer’s test
development stage one, design. By doing the stage one, design, the writer would produce design statement which covered purpose of the test, description of TLU
Target Language Use domain and task types, characteristics of the test takers, definition of the construct s, definition for evaluating the qualities of usefulness,
inventory of available resources and plan for their allocation and management. In research and information collecting, the writer did interview to find out
characteristics of the test takers. The participant of the interview was the English teacher who taught the tenth grade of Pangudi Luhur Senior High School. The
writer also conducted library study to obtain some aspects of design statement such as purpose of the test, description of TLU Target Language Use domain
and task types, definition of the construct s, definition for evaluating the qualities of usefulness, inventory of available resources and plan for their
allocation and management. In conducting the library study, the writer needed to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
know some theories about reading, test, design and test development. Moreover, the writer needed to know the school’s curriculum and syllabus to enable the
writer to define the design statement. In this step, the writer had produced the overall design statement, which would be used as a guideline to produce the test.
2. Planning
