18 applied in literary terms meaning motivation in literary works can be analyzed
from the characters’ speech and actions. While, Petri 4 proposes, Some motivation theories emphasize that the basic motive of all humans is
to become as personally fulfilled as we can. Every human has socially motivated, it deals their interaction with others, and this interaction both
generates and directs behavior.
Therefore, it can be concluded that motivation is any factors such as needs, desires, and interests that activate and maintain on why one thinks, feels
and behaves and the other factors that influence behavior, such as her past experience, her physical capabilities and the environmental situation. Motivation
can be determined by answering ‘why’ people behave as they do to reach their goal.
b. Human Motives
Based on David C. McClelland’s theory 224, there are four human motives including achievement motive, power motive, affiliative motive and
avoidance motive. However, I only discuss achievement and affiliative motive since these two motives are appropriate to this research.
“Rewarding the achievement motive is doing something better” is the natural incentive for the achievement motive. It now is time to become
more precise, for people can do better for all sorts of reasons – to please the teacher, to avoid criticism, to gain the approval of a loved one, or
simply to get some time off from work. What should be involved in the achievement motive is doing something better for its own sake, for the
intrinsic satisfaction of doing something better. 227
From the statement above, achievement motivation can be concluded as a better means to improve and to get the same output or to get greater output for the same
19 work. Thus, people who have high achievement are attracted primarily to the
situations where they are possible to make an improvement. According to Murray in Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy’s Psychology in
Action 399 identify “achievement motivation as the need for success, for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks”. In McClelland’s Human
Motivation, Murray states his Illustrative List of Need, in which one of them is achievement motives. He defines achievement as follows:
To accomplish something difficult. To master, manipulate, or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas. To do this as rapidly and as
independently as possible. To overcome obstacles and attain a high standard. To excel oneself. To rival and surpass others. To increase self-
regard by the successful exercise of talent. 46
While in Beck’s Motivation 317, Murray defines “need for achievement as a desire or tendency ‘to overcome obstacles, to exercise power, to strive to do
something difficult as well and as quickly as possible’. Though it seems there are different definitions of achievement motivation, they have the same meaning. In
this study, achievement motivation can be defined as motives to overcome obstacles and make improvement; to strive to do something difficult as well, as
rapidly as and independently as possible. The term ‘affiliations’ refers just to associate with others, apart from the
question liking them or loving them Beck 354. It indicates that affiliation consists of all kinds of relationship, not only because of liking or loving someone
but also hating or confronting someone. According to Illustrative List of Murray’s Need in McClelland’s Human Motivation, affiliation is:
20 To draw near and enjoyable cooperate or reciprocate with an allied other
an other who resembles the subject or who likes the subject. To please and win affection of a cathected object. To adhere and remain loyal to a
friend. 46
This definition shows that affiliation motives have something to do with human
relationship. McClelland 346-347
states “whether or not it is exactly what
people seek in interacting with others, certainly depriving individuals of the opportunity for interaction arouses in them what has been called the need for
affiliation or the need to be with people”. Everybody needs others in their life; it cannot be avoided by human.
There is considerable evidence that when people are fearful they prefer to be with others as it can provide comfort Beck 356. It clarifies that individual
needs others in their life. Epley in Beck’s Motivation 356 suggests three ways by which the presence of others may reduce responses:
Epley suggests three ways by which the presence of others may reduce responses to aversive stimuli or conditioned aversive stimuli. First, the
other person may serve as a ‘calm’ model for the anxious person to imitate. Second, the companion may do something to distract the subject.
Third, the mere physical presence of another might be fear reducing, even though the other person does nothing.
The presence of others may have good and bad side. When it can calm down the other, it can be said that it is good. However, if it distracts one’s concentration
then that must be the bad one. While due to the presence of others can reduce fear, it can also be very helpful.
Based on the above definition, affiliative motive is summarized as loyalty to others in having good relationship or good interaction; and being cooperative
21 with other people. The need for affiliation is also called the need to be with
people. The presence of others can either calm an individual and reduce hisher fear, or distract the human being.
5. Theory of Conflict
