3 Concern: In the research process, participants will build up a group of “critical
friends” who trust each other and the value of the project. 4
Consideration: As it is mentioned above, reflective practice is a mindful review of a professional research like action research. It demands concentration and careful
consideration as one seeks patterns and relationships that will create meaning within the investigation.
5 Change: For humans, especially teachers, change is continuing and it is a
significant element in remaining their effectiveness.
2.2.6.3 The Procedures to Apply Action Research
In this research, the researcher applied the four phases of Kemmis and Mc Taggart in Burns 2010:8 in each cycle. The phases are planning, action, observing, and
reflecting. The design of this research is presented in the figure and explanation below:
Figure 2.1 Action Research Process
1 Planning
The first phase in doing classroom action research is planning. In this phase, the researcher will identify a problem or issue and develop a plan of action in order to
bring about improvements related with the topic. It includes problem and situation analysis and also prepare the instrument to collect the data.
2 Acting
Doing an action is the main phase of action research. In this step, the Three Steps Interview Technique will be the main activities to be applied. This phase is the
implementation of the plan that the researcher has made to solve the problems. 3
Observing This phase involves the researcher’s observation to the students’ activities during
teaching and learning process. This phase includes monitoring and evaluating the action. The researcher will observe systematically the effects of the action phase and
documentating all the information about what is happening. The results of the observation will be used as the indicator to know the students’ progress of speaking
skill in each cycle. 4
Reflecting A reflection is an effect to inspect what has been done. The result of reflection is
used to establish the next steps of the research. In other words, a reflection is the inspection effort of the success or the failure in reaching the research purpose.
2.2.6.4 The Benefits of Action Research
Gay and Airasian in Hien 2009 proved benefits resulted from the application of action research to education as follows:
1 Teachers investigate their own practice in new ways, looking deeper in what they
and their studenst actually do and fail to do. 2
Teachers develop a deeper understanding of students, the teacher learning process and their role in the education of both teachers and students.
3 Teachers are viewed as equal partners in deciding what works best and what
needs improvement in their classroom or classrooms. 4
In most cases, solutions for identified problems are arrived cooperatively among teachers.
5 Teachers are often more committed to action research because they identify the
areas they view as problematical and in need of change. 6
Action research is an ongoing process and its strategies can be widely applied. 7
Professional development and school improvement are core aspects for any teacher who engages in action research.
8 Teacher’s reflection can be conducted individually or in a school-based team
composed of students, teachers and admistrators. Sharing the view with Borgia and Schuler 1996, Mills 2006 in Hien
2009 admitted the importance of action research in education by adding that action research:
1 encourages change in schools,
2 fosters a democratic approach to education,
3 empowers individuals through collaboration on projects,
4 positions teachers and other eduactors as learners who seek to narrow the gap
between practice and their vision education, 5
encourages educators to reflect on their practice, and 6
promotes a process of testing new ideas
2.3 Theoretical Framework
One of the important skills that should be learned by the students is speaking skill. In vocational school, the English material tends to English practice such as the
communicative English that will be useful to the students when they engage in their vocations.
Many problems then arise when the students try to speak. Two of them are lack of English ability and no opportunity given by the the teacher. Those two
reasons make the students can not speaking English in a good way. The researcher suggests the technique named Three Steps Interview Technique, which is one of the
Cooperative Learning method, that may solve the problems. The process of the treatment will be conducted in two cycles. By doing the two cycles, the students’s
speaking skills are expected to improve.
