INTRODUCTION REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE

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1. INTRODUCTION

1. 1 Background of the Study

The development of language in the world, especially in Indonesia has been happen from time to time. Nowadays, there are many languages are developing in Indonesia. The ethnic language, and also Bahasa Indonesia itself has been changed in several ways of use. Some people mix it with their ethnic language, some of them mix it with another language and even Bahasa Indonesia itself, has its own formal changes that are legalized by the government. Besides these third changes, Indonesian youth have used Bahasa Indonesia with their own way. It is a proof that language is changing day after day because it is dynamic, social changes produce changes in language which happens slowly by the process of human interaction. In this postmodern era, there is also Alay language that people use in their daily live. Alay or 4L4Y , Anak Layangan or Anak Lebay is a pop culture phenomenon -It is a stereotype describing something “tacky” and “cheesy” norak or kampungan . The Alay culture phenomena spans over a wide array of styles in music, dress, and messaging. The word Alay or Alayen has no exact meaning or obvious derivation. One theory that is widely accepted is that Alay is a portmanteau of the term Anak Layangan Indonesian: Kiteflyer, a pejorative describing someone has certain physical attributes from spending most of their time outside and getting sunburnt. Alay text is a form of Indonesian language that has undergone Universitas Sumatera Utara 2 excessive get transformation. Contrary to the popular belief that it is destroying the national language, grammatical standards are met in contrast to the modern Indonesian slang language. Similar to the jejebets a person who has managed to subvert the English language to the point of incomprehensibility, Alay texts offer an alternative in compressing words so they are under the 160 character-limit in text messages, often to the point that they are impossible to read. Rules in capitalization are mostly ignored. Alay language bahasa alay itself is a kind of language that comes from teenager or adolescence from the low class at the beginning. Clark and Eve 1977: 27, states that adolescence is about 13 to 19 years old. But nowadays the user of the Alay language is not only the youth. Mature people who are close to the youth world also use this language.The development of technology also has main contribution in the development, change, and spread of language. The fast growth of electronic tools such us radio, television, fax machines, smartphone, ipad, computer and so forth, bring new style of communication and also bring a drastic change in social, economic, cultural, and language styles. One of the electronic technologies that bring a big effect in human languages is the computer and smartphone. Twitter as one of social networks which is operated by using computer or smartphone of course has a big role as tools to express and spreading of Alay language. Almost all people of the world, there may be thousands or millions people, and also Indonesian people are included in twitter daily user. They use this social network for many reasons: doing business such as having online store, use Universitas Sumatera Utara 3 it as free album to collect photos, to find old and new friend from all over the world and the main reason is to have fun by making communication with people among the world. These are why twitter can be a place where the language can be mixed, changed, produced and lost. This condition may bring a situation where the youth no longer use Bahasa Indonesia in proper way. The appearance of twitter has encourage changing in the way of communication. Twitter which is used as written communication tools that should use formal language, has prompted a shift in the use of spoken language become written spoken language. Examples : 1. Formal Language Saya akan pergi ke Medan bulan depan Formal The first example is formal because it is compatible with the structure and the diction of Bahasa Indonesia. 2. Informal Slang Language A: Hei , dude wanna join us tonight informal

B: Mmm, yups. gonna be there. informal.

From the second example, the conversation in informal because the dialogue use „wanna‟, „yups‟, „gonna‟ which are part of slang. 3.Word Abbreviation Emoticon Meaning yang yg paling plg Universitas Sumatera Utara 4 harus hrs Emoticon Meaning : smile :- shock :-? Smoking The other things that are usually found in informal written language is abbreviation and emoticon usage. People use abreviatons to make it simpler to be written or typed. These abbreviations and emoticons are used commonly in informal written langauge and understood by many people. But nowadays, the people have created a new style, not only modify the formal to informal. Use slang or use abbreviation and emoticon, they make a new style to write such as mix alphabet with usual letter. Alay language may happen when a speaker chooses to use another language, makes it as daily language and does not maintain the original language. This Alay phenomenon also reminds us of phenomenon of slang language which always exists in every young comunication. Slang language has not disappeared at all. For instance, term bokap or nyokap , these Slang language terms are often used in daily conversation nowdays. Slang is quite different with Alay language, this language is more complicated in its spelling or writing style. Alay text may have originated from the method of making strong passwords for internet accounts, which requires combinations of small and capital letters, numbers, as well as special characters. Normally, to keep the password Universitas Sumatera Utara 5 meaningful and easy to remember, the password would consist of normal words, where some letters are capitalized or substituted with numbers e.g. the letter a with 4, the letter o with 0. Soon this becomes a habit in writing text in general, and improved with mixing English and Indonesian in one sentence. Confusing text that could not be understood properly and probably has no meaning except for the writer, is also considered as Alay Text. This type of text usually contains information of the writers mood and feeling, it is also common for the text to contain the writers own philosophy on a certain topic such as love, heart break, and relationship. This study focuses on the use of Alay language in social media twitter. In twitter, people are allowed to express their tought as free as they want. They can write anything with their own style. So, here we can see how the Alay people use their own language.

1.2 Problem of The Study

The problems of the study are as follows: a. What is the characteristic of Alay language are used in twitter status? b. What is the meaning of vocabulary with Alay language characteristic found in twitter? c. What is the dominant characteristic of Alay language used in twitter status? d. Why do people use Alay language? Universitas Sumatera Utara 6

1.3 Scope of The Study

Scope of the study has important purpose in writing this paper. It is used to limit the problem so the topic in this paper is more focused. The scope of this study is about the Alay language based on Shinta 2011 found in Twitter status of the user friend personal account of widoro_4r17 followers.

1.4 Purpose of The Study

a. To describe the characteristic of Alay language used in the twitter status. b. To explain the meaning of vocabulary with Alay language characteristic found in twitter c. To explain the dominant characteristic of Alay language used in twitter status c. To describe the reasons why people use Alay language.

1.5 Reason for Choosing the Topic

The reason for choosing this topic is to answer my curiosity about Alay language because I know the language from my sister who has been adept at using this language. I chose twitter as my research because Indonesia is the most twitter Universitas Sumatera Utara 7 users in the world, and so many people use Alay language in twitter. In addition, I also want to tell people who do not know that the Alay language is also used to communicate each other. Universitas Sumatera Utara 8

2. REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE

In conducting a research, theories are needed in avoiding ministerpretation to analyze the problems in this study. The writer describes the language shift, youth language and Alay language to support the content and the analysis.

2.1 Language

A. Definition of Language Language can be defined as means to deliver something that comes in the heart. It means that the language as an instrument to deliver thoughts, ideas, concepts or feelings to be conveyed to others. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia KBBI, 1990: 66 says, “Bahasa diartikan sebagai system lambang bunyi berartikulasi yang bersifat sewenang-wenang dan konvensional yang dipakai sebagai alat komunikasi untuk melahirkan perasaan dan pikiran.” Language is interpreted as a sign system of articulates sounds which is arbitrary and conventional used as a communication tool to bring forth feelings and thoughts. Keraf 1997:1 says, “Bahasa adalah alat komunikasi antara anggota masyarakat berupa simbol bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia.” language is a means of communication between members of the community in the form of a symbol of the sound produced by human vocal organs. Universitas Sumatera Utara 9 Khaidir 1998:21 says, “Bahasa sebagai sebuah sistem lambang bunyi yang arbitrer, yang dipergunakan oleh para anggota suatu masyarakat untuk bekerjasama, berinteraksi, dan mengidentifikasikan diri.” Language as a symbol system sounds arbitrary, which is used by members of community to collaborate, interact and identify themselves. Pei and Gaynor 1975: 119 says, “ Language is a system of communication by sounds, i,e., throught the organs of speech and hearing, among human beings of certain group or community, using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meaning.” From the view of the linguist like Kridalaksana, Pei and Gaynor above, Language can be emphasized as a symbol system. The term system contains the meaning existence and regularity of the constituent elements. Effendi 1995:26 says, “a communications expert, look at the language of the two side of the formal and functional”. Formally, “ Bahasa diartikan sebagai semua kalimat yang terbayangkan, yang dibuat menurut tatabahasa.” While formally, “ Bahasa diartikan sebagai alat yang dimiliki bersama untuk mengungkapkan gagasan.” Dirgo 1999 :1 says, “ Bahasa adalah rangkaian bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia secara sadar.” Language is a series of sounds produced by the human vocal organs consciously. And next Chaer and Agustina 2004:11 say , “ Hakikat bahasa antara lain bahwa bahasa itu sebuah sistem lambang, berupa bunyi yang arbitrer, produktif, dinamis, beragam, dan manusiawi.” Based on the above meanings, we could conclude that language is the sound symbol used by humans to communicate each other for the purpose of communicating. Universitas Sumatera Utara 10 B. Language Shift Language shift is known or relevant with “language change” or language death”. Holmes 2001 gives some explanation about the language shift : The most obvious factor is that the community sees an important reason for learning second language. The reasons are often economic, but they may also be political. The second important factor seems to be that the community sees no reasons to take active steps to maintain their ethnic language or they may not realize that it is in any danger of disappearing. The social and economic goals of individuals in a community are very important in accounting for the speed of shift. The language shift itself refers to the degradation of using language by native speaker.Besides, Holmes also said that the most obvious factor is the communities. It comes by the situation where the communities were in contact with another language and found a process where they feel comfort or it is important for them to use the new language. The situation usually happens among the youth where they feel more comfort to use their own language to disguise the meaning or just to make creativity. Some factors affect the language shift: 1. Demographic factor. Holmes 2001: 59 also says demographic factors are also relevant in accounting for the speed of language shift. He also explains that the technologies such us television also take a part in the speed of language shift. Universitas Sumatera Utara 11 The demographic works as a barrier. When a community was located in an isolated place, there is only a little opportunity for their language to be spread or to get a new language, which will involve their knowledge about the development of language or the appearance of new language. However, the appearance of the technology today has destroyed some aspect of the language barrier as long as the place has receive the new technology of communication. 2. Surrounding situations In other case, the situation of surrounding will affect speaker to involve in language shift. The importance of using language in people‟s daily life sometimes push people to learn and use a new language in continuity. When someone comes into a new place meet with new people who use diffrent language that is used at his or her new place. Here will be chance for this people to forget his old language. 3. Social and economic People cannot live alone, it means that they have to „get on‟ in the society. When people do an interaction, especially in a multi communities area, they tends to use some different languages. Someone who is gathering with Bataknese people tends to use batak language. In other situation when this people join with some friends from abroad, there will be chance for this people to use the language that is also used by his new friend, and there will be a big apportunity for using English as a common international language. Universitas Sumatera Utara 12 Along with the communication frequency with the abroad friends, there will be a chance for the language shift. Economic factor also can be a reason for the language shift. A shift to another language may influence someone depend on where he get a job. An Indonesia who gets a job in a German factory will speak German language frequently. Even when one day he has to move to work in German, he has to use it in his daily life. Therefore, there is a big chance for Bahasa Indonesia to be shifted into German language. A language shift can be happened in a short or long time, depend on the eagerness of the native speaker to maintain his language. Language shift not only affects a small group of community, but it can also affect a big country; we can see Indonesia as the example. Indonesia has some changes in it language from 1945 until today. C. Youth Language Actually, Youth language bahasa gaul has been occurred since long time ago. There are many varieties of the youth language. The language is always changing from time to time because there will be a time when a language is death and being replaced by another new youth language. Sumarsono and Pratana 2004 : 81, categorize the youth language in Indonesia from 1950‟s to 1980‟s into four groups they are: Universitas Sumatera Utara 13 1. Put consonan V + vowel This style appeared around 1950‟s. The youth put consonant V + vowel on every syllable, which was used at the time. Examples: Mata : ma + ta → ma + va + ta + va → mavatava eye Mati : ma + ti→ ma+ va + ti + vi → mavativi dead Matang : ma + tang → ma + va + ta + va + ng → mavatavang ripe 2. Change the last syllable with –sye This language style appeared at the beginni ng of 1960‟s. This language style just use the last syllable of the word dissaper another syllable then replace it with –sye. Examples: Kunci → kunsye key Tambah → tamsye add Sepeda → sepsye bicyle 3. Walikam style This language style appeared around 1 960‟s in Malang. It is read from the right to left. Examples : Mata → atam eye Universitas Sumatera Utara 14 Tidak → kadit no Sari → iras Beside reading the word from the last letter, walikam style also dismiss fonem h. Examples : Sehat → taes healthy Lihat → tail see There are new vocabularies that appear in walikam style: Walikam Meaning jinjak polisi police nes‟ cantik beautiful; baik kind raija uang money ebes bapakibu fathermother Beside read the word from the right to left, the word might be added by any phoneme. Examples : Tidak → kadit → kadodit no Sehat → tahes → tahohes health 4. Prokem language This language style appeared around 1980‟s. This language is determined by adding –ok among the first or second syllable of the word. It is almost the same with the language that was used by the gay in Surabaya. Universitas Sumatera Utara 15 Examples : Bapak → bap →b →ok →ap → bokap father Ngumpet →ngum →ng →ok →um →ngokum hide Begitu →begit →beg →ok →it →begokit Beside the word with the pattern above, it also find any words without rule. Examples : Amsyong → hancur broke into pieces Item → kopi coffee Ogut → saya I Ji → kamu you There are also some acronyms Examples : HUT → hanya untuk cinta just for love Fanta → fanatik tapi agresif fanatic but aggressive Pendekar → pendek tapi kekar short but strong Metastesis Besok → sobel tomorrow Piring → riping plate Bener → neber true After 1980‟s the youth always produce new bahasa gaul . Around 2000‟s there are a newmillenium era with it‟s own language. In this era the speaket tend to adopt a word which has different meaning but almost have a same sound. Universitas Sumatera Utara 16 Examples : 1. Mau want become mawarrose 2. Aku tidak mau makan I don‟t want to eat become Akika tinta mawar macarena.. D. Alay Language Around 2011, there appeared new kind of youth language namely Alay Language Bahasa Alay . Alay language is a kind of language that is popular among the teenagers in Indonesia, now on. According to Shinta 2011:13, Alay 4L4Y, Anak Layangan or Anak Lebay comes from the phoneme “a” and “lay”. These are an acronym for Anak Layanga n . In the beginning Alay is a term that is used to describe the low class teenager who use any aspect of fashion that is copied from the celebrity. By the time, teenager or youth that use special freak kinds of writing that is usually difficult to be read. The user of this language will mix capital alphabet, symbol and number to write a word or sentence. They will also add the alphabet, so it will be difficult to be read. At the beginning, Alay is meant as a lifestyle of teenager or adolescence from low class, but it becomes a trend soon. Shinta, 2011:13 Shinta 2011 also says, “there are four categories of Alay ”. They are different by their way of writing. Universitas Sumatera Utara 17 Beginner: “ seNank dech haTi sAaiia.. taDi paGi dianTeRin ama paCal dund.. tapi biNund juga, tumbEn yaCh paCal ku saAiiank mao anTel ??” I‟m so happy.. this morning my boyfriend took me.. but I also confused, it‟s not ususal that he car and want to do it. Intermediate: “ hErandTh juJJa.. kOgh, cAaiiaa gugh iCa nGwerJaiNth sOal mTema Tikha yUaaccH..? KaTa pacALd, aaiiOO sEmaNgadTh beLaJard.. bIaL piNteRd. It‟s really confused me… Why did I can‟t do the math exercise? My boy told me to study hard to be clever. High Level: “ DucH Gw4 5aiianK b6t sAma Lo.. 7aNgan tin69alin akYu ya B3ibh” Oh… I really love you. Please don‟t leave me baby. King of Alay: “ hErandTh s4iiA M4 Bh5A aLLai Ii4Nk an3H bln ngaCo, pi mAsEEch bNya6h aJj4 iAnk m4k3.. p4k3 iiAnk n0rMaLd Jj4 dumMzz.. Bh4sa gN M4H BkiNdTh paLa pUsinK dUamzZ.. I confuse with this strange Alay Language. Why a lot of people still use it…Just use the normal one… Such language is just making me get a headache. Beside the level, there are some types of vocabulary in Alay language. They are „plat number‟ mix alphabet with number, „caps lock style‟, etc Universitas Sumatera Utara 18 Style Word Meaning Plat Number t4 t3mp4t tempat place Caps lock semester semester Etc plink p‟ling paling the most Luph, luff, loupz cinta love Kamuh, kamyuh, kamuwh kamu you Beside the freaky style of writing, this Alay community also has their own vocabulary and emoticons to express their feeling or mood. Caps lock Acronym Number Meaning AbcdE 4ih b0 cu4p33 deh aduh bo capek deh very tired cAbs caPcuS c4but p3r61 pergi go EmbEr 3mb3r iyabenersetuju yestrueagree Jk ju5t k1dd1n6 hanya bercanda just kidding From the example above, we can see that Alay language has chaged some structure of the original word. It has ruined the word from the orthography side. Orthography is a system of writing a language. Examples : Original word Alay language No one no on3 For You 4U I see you ICU Universitas Sumatera Utara 19 A good orthography has to have the four things: 1. Easy to read 2. Facilitate the obtaining of information 3. Facilitate dissemination of information 4. Enable the spirit of learning People who know the language can read it without feeling embarrassed http:ejournal.unud.ac.idabstrak420suprawa.pdf. Beside the orthopraphy, Alay language also create many new term and acronym. Examples : Original word Alay language Pergi cabcus cabut Just kidding jk Usually this Alay style is used in writing messag or social network such us twitter or sometimes it is also used in facebook. In this paper, the writer analyzes Alay language that is used in twitter. Based on Alay Handbook Shinta,2011 it can be concluded that Alay language is a kind of mess language which has these five characteristics: 1. Unusual acronym Examples : Acronym Meaning ABCDE Aduh Bo Cape Deh Eke Universitas Sumatera Utara 20 EGP Emang Gue Pikirin DL Deritaloe IP Ilmu Pendekatan 2. Unimportant additional alphabet Examples : ● Duch lama bungaetzz sechhh aduh lama banget sih oh,I‟ve wait too long ● Gagh suka dechh sama orang yang giutch, kan gagh sopanh namanyah gak suka deh sama orang yang gitu, kan ga sopan namanya I don‟t like such kind of people, so rude 3. Put capital letter among the letters in the word Examples : ● keNAps kaMu DatangNYa lama sEkali ● kalaU kAmu mEmAnG SuKa Ya BiLanG Ja 4. Create new spelling of the original word Examples : Original word New spelling Lama sekali lama beudz Semangat cemungudh Pergi cabcus cus Universitas Sumatera Utara 21 5. Replace letter with number Originl word New word Tempat t3mp4t House h0us3 Tomorrow 2morr0w

2.2 Relevant Study

There are researchers that have done analysis about Alay language. So, in conducting this analysis, I have consulted the previous paper and research findings. They are Widya Astuty, student of Indonesia University of Education Bandung, and Bangun Nogroho, student of State University of Malang. Widya Astuti 2013 in her thesis en titled “Language Attitudes towards Written Alay veriety in Facebook Interaction” . She uses a descriptive method to describe and interpret the data. The study reveals that the realization of written Alay variety in Facebook covers two broad categories, namely spelling and wrriten that involves a mix of capital punctuation. The spelling modifications in written Alay variety were found to be in four different case, spelling shift, spelling addition, spelling deletion, contraction, and irregular spelling modification. Related to language toward the written Alay variety, users and ex-users develop different attitudes towards the use of Alay variety. Users tend to have more neutral attitudes with the use of Alay variety, they develop more positive attitudes towards Universitas Sumatera Utara 22 the variety. In contras, most ex-users react negatively towards the use of Alay variety as they consider that have a low prestige or status and is not a proper variety to use. Bangun Nogroho 2012 in his thesis entitled “ Bahasa Alay as a Current Iden tity of Some Indonesian Tennagers”. His study is concerned with discussing the word formation of bahasa Alay , degree of similarity in bahasa Alay , and length of utterance and its ratio with standard language. The research design of his study is qualitative-explanatory. The primary data are the written form, which are taken from the update statuses and comments from primary and secondary respondents. The data were collected through document analysis.The research tried to find and identify the Alay words and utterances from statuses and comments posted by the respondents. The result can be classified into three major categories. First, the word formation process reveals the lexical features of bahasa Alay . Fourteen word formation are found. Five of them [a] borrowing, [b] clipping, [c] contraction, [d] iconic, and [e] multiple processes. On the other hand, the nine other categories [a] changing letters, with other letterssymbols representing similar sound, [b] changing voiceless into voiced, [c] changing letters with numberssymbols, [d] changing certain syllable with letters, [e] doubling letters, [f] the pronunciation of words is presented by numbers, [g] special writing, [h] special symbol, and [i] other changing are found in his research and considered to be important findings. Secondly, the degree of similarity between bahasa Alay and the standard language reveals the orthographic features of bahasa Alay . They are classified into four Universitas Sumatera Utara 23 categories: very similar, similar, different, and totally different. Third and finally, the lengths of utterances are used to reveal the variation of utterance in bahasa Alay . They are classified into different criteria: very short, short, moderate, long, and extremely long. Thus, those three previous aspects are utilized to reveal how bahasa Alay is able to serve the identity of certain group of teenagers in Indonesia. Thus, future researchers can elaborate more in the relationship between age of Alay users and the created lexicons. They can learn whether the orthographic distortion can classify the users into certain categories based on their age. The writer choose Alay language as object of paper because inspired by Widya Astuti‟s thesis and Bangun Nogroho‟s thesis who analayzed Alay language. As well as Widya astuti and Bangun nugroho, the writer has some purposes of writing this paper : to show the tcharacteristic of Alay language used in the twitter, to explain about how the vocabulary variations formation pattern of language, to describe the reasons why do people use Alay language, and to answer my curiosity about this language. Universitas Sumatera Utara 24

3. METHODOLOGY