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3.4 Role of Researcher
As a qualitative study, the role of researcher in the study was as the data collector. As stated by Miles and Huberman 1993: 6 that the researcher was the
holistic gainer overview of the context under study whether its logic, explicit or implicit rules. I tried to get the complete written data by collecting them through
careful transcribing. Next, I interpreter the data gathered. Alwright and Bailey 1991: 65
assumed that qualitative research was directly upon and to interpret them. To interpret here meant to identify and analyze the data carefully.
3.5 Reliability and Validity
We know that qualitative study employs the high subjectivity of the writer. Miles 1979 in Miles and Huberman, 993:2 gave dark question about qualitative
studies: The most serious and central difficulty in the use of qualitative data is that
methods of analysis are not well formulated. For quantitative data, there are clear conventions the researcher can use. But the analyst faced with a bank of
qualitative data has very few guidelines for protection against self-delusion, let alone the presentation of unreliable or invalid conclusions to scientific or
policy-making audience. How can we be sure that an “earthy”, “undeniable”, “serindipitous” is not in fact, wrong?
To get the reliability of the study was by avoiding the researcher high subjectivity. Triangulation method by the colleague who has sufficient knowledge
was then used to get the inter subjectivity. I had my collegue examine the study from the classification to analysis.
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Moreover, to make the study valid, I tried to organize the data carefully by checking the transcription many times with my colleague. The data were also well
arranged so that the data could be considered to be valid.
3.6 Technique of Data Collection
The procedures of collecting the data I have taken are following: 1
Recording There is one television station in our country broadcasting Oprah
Winfrey’s Shows. I had two shows recorded in the form of video compact disc.
2 Transcribing The next step was transcribing the spoken interaction carefully in
order to get the valid data. I also noted the non-verbal interaction accompanying the conversation. This non-verbal interaction was
differently written from the verbal one.
3.7 Technique of Data Analysis
The data gathered were then analyzed through these procedures:
1 Identifying the turn of each speaker
After I had the data in the written form, I started to identify the turn of each speaker. This activity was done carefully since we often found
many interruptions in casual conversation. Every turn was numbered in Arabic numerals: 1, 2, 3.
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2 Identifying the moves
The next step was identifying the moves in every turn. Since one turn might consist of more than one move, I labeled them in lower case
letters: a, b, c to avoid confusion.
3 Analyzing the moves
I analyzed the speech function of the moves based on the chart provided by Eggins and Slade. This chart is divided into three big speech
functions; opening, continuing, and reacting. These big classes are then sub divided into their branches. Each move is identified its speech function
through careful reading. The speech function choices were then interpreted synoptically. To
interpret synoptically means to give the quantification of the discourse structure. This quantification showed the number of speech function
choices made by each interactant. It doesn’t mean that this study becomes quantitative, but it was made only to ease the further analysis.Here is the
example of synoptic interpretation of Oprah Winfrey show.
Table 3.1 Synoptic Interpretation of Text….
Speech Function Oprah Winfrey
Guest no. of turns
no. of moves no. of clauses
Open question: opinion
state: fact state: opinion
total
Continue Monitor
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prolong: elaborate prolong: extend
prolong: enhance append: elaborate
Total React: responding
register develop: elaborate
develop: extend develop: enhance
replying: supporting confronting
Total
React: rejoinder tracking: clarify
tracking: confirm tracking: check
tracking: probe reacting: resolve
challenging: detach challenging: rebound
challenging: counter challenging: refute
challenging: re-challenge total
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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Synoptic Interpretation of Discourse Structure
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