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Outcome Validity Validity and Reliability of the Data 1. Validity

c. Process Validity

Process validity is related to the criterion of the research dependability. The research were conducted by doing classroom observation, making field notes on what happened in the classroom, having interviews with students, and conducting discussion with the collaborators.

d. Catalytic Validity

Catalytic validity refers to the extent to which the research allows the participants to deepen their understanding of the social realities of the context and how they can make change within it. In the research, changes that happened to both sides of students and teacher were taken into account so that it was expected that both students and teacher will be more aware of their social roles in the classroom.

e. Dialogic Validity

Dialogic validity is related to the state that members of the research can participate in the research process. This validity was fulfilled by the researcher regularly having dialogues with the collaborators about the future plans, exchanging opinions or ideas and reporting any steps that the researcher ad done to the students.

2. Reliability

In order to obtain the trustworthiness of the research, the researcher used triangulation. According to Burns 1999, the aim of triangulation is to gather multiple perspectives on the situation being studied. In this case, the researcher used two forms of triangulation described as follows:

a. Time triangulation

Time triangulation means that the data are collected over a period of time. It is aimed at getting a sense of what factors are involved in change processes. The triangulation was achieved with the fact that the researcher conducted the research study from October, 20 th to November, 4 th 2014.

b. Investigator triangulation

Investigator triangulation refers to the state that more than one observer is used in the same research setting. This triangulation was fulfilled as during implementation of the actions, the researcher was accompanied by two collaborators in the classroom, the English teacher and the researcher’s friend.

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