34 writer will only use seven steps, namely identify learners’ characteristics, consider
the necessary support services, conduct pre-assessment, consider goals; list topics; and state general purposes, specify the learning objectives, list the subject
contents, and select teaching learning activities and resources. In Kemp’s instructional design model, the final step is used to evaluate the
learners by doing formative and summative evaluation. Due to the limitation of time and resources, the writer omits the step.
The more detailed explanation on the steps of designing the materials is presented bellow.
1. Identify Learners’ Characteristic
In this step, the writer identifies the characteristics of the eleventh grade students of SMA Pangudi Luhur Yogyakarta. In order to know the students’
characteristics, the writer obtains information on learners’ academic factors, learning styles, learning conditions, as well as their capabilities, needs, and
interests.
2. Consider the Necessary Support Service
During this step, the writer observes the necessary support service to support the implementation of the designed materials. The support service covers
school facilities, equipments, as well as teacher’s time and schedules.
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3. Conduct Pre-Assessment
In this study, the pre-assessment includes information gathering about students’ proficiency level and their background knowledge for learning the
topics.
4. Consider Goals, List Topics, and State General Purposes
In this step, the writer states the goals, topics, and general purposes. To be consistent with the terms used in the school, this study uses ‘competency
standards’ to replace ‘goals’ and ‘basic competences’ to substitute ‘general purposes’. Even though the terms are different, in this study they refer to the same
things.
5. Specify the Learning Objectives
Once the basic competences, competency standards, and topics are set, they are used as the consideration to decide the learning objectives. To be
consistent with the school’s term, in this study, the term ‘learning objectives’ is replaced by ‘learning indicators’.
6. List the Subject Content
Having stated the learning objectives, the writer organizes and lists the subject contents. The contents are developed in order to acheive the objectives
stated before.
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7. Select Teaching Learning Activities and Resources
