19 There were many new inventions during Victorian age. In 1876, telephone was
invented by Alexander Graham Bell and radio was invented in 1895 by Guglielmo Marconi. Camera, toilet, sewing machine, vacuum, train and stamp were invented
during Victorian age. Factory began to be supported by steam engine and police force was created in this age. Industrial revolution which happened in England had
caused the advancement in knowledge which was marked by there were many kinds
of intellectual activities. Greenbalt also says,
“England was the first country to become industrialized, her transformation was an especially painful one, but being first had a
compensation: it was profitable. An early start enabled England to capture markets all over the globe.” Greenbalt, 2001: 1363
2.5 Industrial Revolution in England
Industrial revolution happened in 1760. Industrial revolution was caused by Agriculture revolution. Agriculture revolution happened in two phases. Agriculture
revolution I was the stage in which the change in land using which was used only for farming into farming, gardening and animal farm which were done cohesively.
Agriculture revolution II changed the way how to work on field which was done traditionally into machine-driven or mechanical. The rise in productivity accelerated
the decline of the agricultural share of the labor force, adding to the urban workforce in which was industrialization depended; the Agricultural Revolution has therefore
been cited as a cause of the Industrial Revolution. Since the steam machine was invented by James Watt and was used by textile factory, It had made the production’s
demand increased by two-fold. This condition caused the increase in demand of raw material like cotton, wool and any other material. Steam engine was the core of
industrial revolution. The next new invention became more complete. Hobsbawn says in his book entitled The Age of Revolution 1789-1848,
20 “Fortunately few intellectual refinements were necessary to make the
Industrial Revolution. Its technical inventions were exceedingly modest, and in no way beyond the scope of intelligent artisans
experimenting in their workshops, or of the constructive capacities of carpenters, millwrights and locksmiths: the flying shuttle, the spinning
jenny, the mule. Even its scientifically most sophisticated machine, James Watts rotary steam-engine 1784, required no more physics
than had been available for the best part of a century—the proper theory of steam engines was only developed ex post facto by the
Frenchman Carnot in the 1820s—and could build on several generations of practical employment for steam engines, mostly in
mines. Given the right conditions, the technical innovations of the Industrial Revolution practically made themselves, except perhaps in
the chemical industry.” Hobsbawn, 1962: 30-31
The first industrial revolution was marked by a cotton spinning factory which was supported by machine which happened since 1760 until 1870. One of the
machines that was invented was a cotton spinning machine named “Jenny” which invented by James Hargreaves in 1767. The name of the machine was retrieved by
Hargreaves’ wife. Unfortunately, “Jenny” was not quite well-preserved until Richard Arkwight invented a water frame two years later. In 1779, Samuel Croupton
combined the spinning machine “Jenny” and the water frame into a machine named “Mule”. In 1785, Cartwright had invented a weaver machine which was completed
perfectly several years later. Hobsbawn also says, “Cotton therefore provided prospects sufficiently astronomical to
tempt private entrepreneurs into the adventure of industrial revolution, and an expansion sufficiently sudden to require it. Fortunately it also
provided the other conditions which made it possible. The new inventions which revolutionized it—the spinning-jenny, the water-
frame, the mule in spinning, a little later the power-loom in weaving—were sufficiently simple and cheap, and paid for
themselves almost immediately in terms of higher output.” Hobsbawn, 1962: 35-36
Industrial revolution had caused such a great alteration in England social condition. Industrial revolution had changed England into a developed and modern industrial
21 country. Industrial centers had appeared in England, like Lancashire, Manchester,
Liverpool, and Birmingham.
2.6 The Impact of Industrial Revolution in England
