Positive Impacts Negative Impacts

21 country. Industrial centers had appeared in England, like Lancashire, Manchester, Liverpool, and Birmingham.

2.6 The Impact of Industrial Revolution in England

The industrial revolution was a turning point in the world that affects every aspect of our lives. Obviously, a change will leave its impact to the surrounding environment. There are positive and negative impacts of industrial revolution, they are,

2.6.1 Positive Impacts

• Cheap and Abundant Goods The Industrial Revolution had resulted in increased of industrial enterprises and factories on a large scale through the process of mechanization. According to Hackett 1992 in his article entitled Industrial Revolution that English merchants were leaders in developing a commerce which increased the demand for more goods. The expansion in trade had made it possible to accumulate capital to use in industry. A cheaper system of production had grown up which was largely free from regulation. • Trade Is Growing Thanks to modern means of communication, quick and cheap, local production turns into an international production. Shipping and international trade are growing rapidly. According to Eagleton 2010 in her article entitled The Industrial Revolution and the Changing Face of Britain that Britain has always depended on its maritime trade. With the Industrial Revolution, shipping increased in importance as the distribution of products and the movement of people increased 22 dramatically . It causes the increasing of people’s profit and made England reached its peak of prosperity in industrial revolution era. • The Improvement of Transportation The discoveries in any kinds of facilities and transportation had become more perfect and smooth. Eagleton 2010 also said that Railways expanded significantly and the new railway connections boosted coastal towns as well as previously remote and isolated provincial towns. Thus, the dynamics of community life had increased. The existence of transportation really helped our life in any field. The invention of transportation has brought great impact to human life nowadays

2.6.2 Negative Impacts

• Urbanization The development of industrialization had created many cities and industrial centers. Many villagers moved to city in order to get a new job because the city with its industry activity had guaranteed a better life. It had caused many farm works were ignored and increased the population in city. According to Miller 2016 in his article entitled Victorian England that the population of Great Britain actually trebled during the 19th century. People were living longer, having larger families, infant mortality was down and immigrants escaping from the potato famine in Ireland all added up to a huge population explosion in Victorian times. • Workers Low Wages The number of workers was huge because the rate of urbanization to industrialized cities kept increasing while many factories were utilized machine as their main power so that workers wages became low. Besides social assurance was 23 decreased so that the life of those workers became worse. Many industrialists choose women and children workers because the wages were cheaper. Humphries 2010 says in her book entitled Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution that even men in more settled jobs were forced by low wages in the agricultural sector or competition from factory production to work long hours. • The Emergence of Industrialist Class and Worker Class There were two class were known in industrial activity, worker or laborer class and industrialist or master class who owned the factory. Thereby, in society had emerged new classes they were industrialist class or capitalist community that lived in prosperity and worker class that lived in poverty. Miller 2016 also said that Victorian society could be quite pleasant, but only depending on your financial status. For those in the upper echelons of society, rules such as the proper forms of address, and even what to wear including which pieces of jewelry would be appropriate were all considered very important and for the lower class, the poor, there wasnt time for etiquette. • The Relationship Gap between Master and Worker The emergence of industrialist class that lived in prosperity and worker class that lived in sufferings and poverty had created the gap between industrialist and workers. This kind of condition always caused a strained situation which would be followed by work strikes which demanded a better life. It had caused hatred towards capitalist economic system so that workers class inclined to socialist understanding. Miller 2016 also said that Victorian society did not recognize that there was a lower 24 class. The Poor were invisible. The best way for society to deal with the poor was to ignore them. They were considered as burdens on the public. • Poverty The number of villagers that moved to city was plenty so that city could not take in those villagers. In consequence, those villagers should live in crowded slum area. During industrial revolution, bourgeois class took many advantages while proletarian class had to get low wages. Miller 2016 also said that in the 19th century, rapid changes in employment, housing and social welfare brought about a huge change in people’s lives. The period of adjustment led to many workers living in extreme poverty and even dying on city streets of starvation during Victorian times. • Children Exploitation In the era of the industrial revolution, there were many negative impacts that were received by children. In addition to famine, and lack of education, many children were also exploited and most of them were poor children or orphans. According to Humphries in her book entitled Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution, “Unconscious assumptions about the universality of family structures have often led historians to neglect children who lived outside conventional families. Yet orphans and destitute children were most at risk of exploitation.” Humphries, 2010: 10 Children in the era of the industrial revolution were exploited in many ways. The term exploitation shows how one “used” arbitrary for the benefit of others. There are many kinds of exploitation that were received by children. There are four 25 kinds of children exploitation during industrial revolution including baby farming, children apprentice, children laborer, and children recruitment as criminals  Children Apprentice In the era of the industrial revolution, there were numerous orphanages to accommodate children that were left by their parents due to death or abandoning because they were not able to take care of them. Most of those children would be sent to the workhouse to work there if they were already 10 years old and some of them were also offered at cheap prices to become apprentice or slave for bourgeois or for those who run store. Humphries also says, “Under such pressures pauper apprenticeships, never passports into the better trades, may have become ways to dispose of burdensome children, means by which they were hurriedly ushered into the labour market.” Humphries, 2010: 46  Children Labor The increasing number of factories had sprung up everywhere, and also increasing of the demand so that factories were asked to produce quickly. In order to overcome it, manpower is needed. In economic terms, pay low cost in order to get much income, so that the factory owners employed children because they can be paid cheaper and those children did not have working hour limitation. Humphries also says, “At sufficiently low adult wages, many families would need children to work, and at these low wages, employers could put to work large numbers of children as well as adults.” Humphries, 2010: 34 26  Children Recruitment as Criminals In industrial revolution era, the increasing of urbanization and poverty had led to the increasing of criminal levels. Many children were exploited by the criminal to be a young thief. Most of these children are street children. According to Miller 2016 that some poorer Victorian children found that criminal activities made their lives easier. Pickpockets were everywhere. Snatching food off food-vendors carts and quickly running away was often the only method of getting something to eat. Those children were asked to rob handkerchief, money, jewels and many others. If they could not rob many things, they would be punished by the boss.  Baby Farming In industrial revolution era many women worked in factory so they had to leave their baby to “baby farmer” to take care of their babies. Besides, the rate of orphan was also increasing because many parents were dead due to accident in the factory so those babies orphan were brought to “baby farmer”. According to Broder in her article, “Baby farming, then, was a system of child care that built on womens informal neighborhood networks; in its worst abuses it also became a latent system for the disposal of unwanted babies.” Broder, 2008: 4 Baby farming was a very well-known business at that time. Those “baby farmers” were paid but they did not do their job very well. They starved those babies, abuse them and neglect them. Those “baby farmer’ exploit those babies to get money but did not take care of them. 27

2.7 The Relevance of the Study