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3. The Forms of Preposition
Preposition may take the form of: 1. “Single word simple prepositions: at, in, on, from, to, etc”.
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2. Complex prepositions. e.g.: “because of, on the top of, by means of addition to, instead of, other
than, out of such as, up.”
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These prepositions consist of more than one word. They make take of: a. Two-word prepositions generally end in a common simple preposition.
As : such as
For : as for, but, except for, save for
From : apart from, aside from, away from Of
: a head of, because of, devoid of, inside of On :
defending on
To : according to, next to, close to
With : along with, together with b. Three-word preposition, most commonly consist of a simple present +
noun + another simple prepositions As
: as far as, as well as For
: in exchange for, in return for From : as distinct from
Of : by means of, by away of, because of
To : as opposed to, by reference to, in addition to, etc.
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L.G. Alexander, Longman English Grammar, New York: Longman Group, 1994, p. 144
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Geoffrey Leech, Benita Cruickshank and Roz Ivanic, an A-Z of English Grammar and used, Longman, 2003 new edition, p. 410
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With : at variance with, in comparison with. c. Four-word preposition, similar to three words prepositions, except that
they include the definite or in the indefinite article end of in of: as a result of, on the ground of on the part of, at the expense of, for the sake
of, in the case of, in the event of, in the light of, with exception of. At one extreme, many complex prepositions have close parallel in the form
and or meaning with simple prepositions. Compare: “As well as
v besides
on the top of v
over By means of
v with
opposite to v
opposite In addition to v
besides prior to
v before
In front of v
before subsequent of
v after
In spite of v
despite of with regard to
v regarding
On to, up to v
into.”
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4. Function of Preposition
“Preposition connects a noun structure to some other word in the sentence.”
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Preposition are always followed by noun or pronoun. They are connective word that shows relationship between the noun following them and of
the basic of the sentence elements: subject, verb, object or compliment. They usually indicate relationship such as place, direction, time, date, manner, agent,
travel movement, reference, possession, separation, and condtion between their objects and parts of the sentence.
Some example in the sentence:
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Douglas Biber, at all, Longlman English Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Edinburg: Person edition limited, 2000, p. 75-76
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Marcella Frank, Modern English: Exercise for Non-native Speakers part II, inc, 1972, p. 181
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a. At: presence or contact usually used in reference to smaller place. Example: they are at the playground
b. In: enclosure, being surrounded by something. Example: Mary is in the supermarket now
c. On: in contact with the top surface of the other object. Example: there are book on the table
d. Between: in the space separating two thing Example: they are walking between two hills
e. Aboveover: higher than, up in a perpendicular direction form. Over and above are often interchangeable.
Example: the picture is above the bed. f. Below: at the point lower than.
Example: the temperature was below freezing point. g. Under: lower than, down in a perpendicular direction form.
Example: a cat is under the table. h. Besidebesides: means “next to” not to be confuse with besides which
means “addition”
B. Total Physical Response
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