delivers a massage, and the listener, who receives it. There is an information gap between what speaker said and what listener received when they are talking. Both of
them should be able to comprehend the information given in order to achieve communicative end. This means that students not only should have knowledge of
target language forms and functions, but also knowledge of the interaction between the speaker and listener in order their meaning are made clear.
2. The forms of Speaking
According to Debora Blaz, speaking takes one of following forms: a.
ConversationDiscussion b.
Description c.
Memorized Speech d.
Oral Reports e.
Interviews
7
Moreover, Brown and Yule also give detail form of speaking which is frequently use by speaker. These are:
a. Incomplete sentences
b. Very little subordination subordinate clause etc.
c. Very few passives
d. Not many explicit logical connectors moreover, however
e. Topic comment structure as in „the sun – oh look it‟s going down‟.
f. Replacingrefining expression e.g. „this fellowthis chap she was supposed to
meet‟ g.
Frequent reference to things outside the „text‟, such as the weather, for example. This kind of referencing is called „exophoric‟
h. The use of generalized vocabulary thing, nice stuff, place, a lot of
i. Repetition of the same syntactic form
7
Debora Blaz, Foreign Language Teacher’s Guide to Active Learning, New York: Eye on
Education, 1999, p. 38.
j. The use of pauses and „fillers‟ „erm‟, „well‟, „uhuh‟, „if you get what I mean‟ and
so on.
8
3. The Aim of Speaking
Speaking task should be able to encourage students to achieve one‟s communicative goal. Speaking activities, furthermore, should be able to help students
use target language. According to Nunan, teaching speaking is the way the teacher to make language learners produce the English speech sounds and sound patterns, use
word and sentence stress, intonation patterns and the rhythm of the second language, select appropriate words and sentences according to the proper social setting,
audience, situation and subject matter, organize their thoughts in a meaningful and logical sequence, use language as a means of expressing values and judgments and
use the language quickly and confidently with few unnatural pauses.
9
Moreover, speaking has three general speaking communicative goals; to entertain, persuade, and inform. The first goal is to entertain; speeches which focus to
engage, interest, amuse, or please listeners. For instance, presenting a toast at your friend‟s wedding or giving a short speech before dinner. Another general purpose is
to persuade; a speech that contains information about issues and solutions, or motivating people to action. Informative speech is a speech that has or includes
humor or interesting comments to entertain the listeners. This means to give listeners aware of a new way of thinking about a familiar topic.
From those aims of speaking, the writer agrees that the goal of speaking is to achieve communicative ends. Thus, students learn how to speak and get opportunity
to speak in language classroom. Students are being able to speak a language not only as knowing the language but because they know how to speak the language.
8
Jo McDonough and Christopher Shaw, Materials and Methods in ELT: Teacher’s Guide,
Massachussets: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003, pp. 137 –138.
9
David Nunan, Practical English Language Teaching, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003, pp. 52
—55.
