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a. Student Internal Factor
It includes of disruption or lack of students psycho-physic:
1 Cognitive, such as, intellectual low capacity of students
intelligence. 2
Affective, such as, the unstable emotional of behavior students. 3
Psychomotor, such as, the students have disruption in sense. Ex. Sightless and deaf.
b. Student External Factor
It includes of all situations and conditions in students’ environment which is not advocated their learning activity. Those factors are divided into three
categories, as follows: 1
Family Environment, such as, inharmonious relationship between father and mother, and low economics.
2 Social Environment, such as, the students live in slum area and
they have a naughty friends. 3
School Environment, such as, the location of school is close to market, the school building is not good, and lack of learning
facilities.
3. Difficulty in the Changes of Tenses and Pronoun
When one reports another person’s words in indirect speech, heshe often changes the tenses and pronouns used in the direct speech.
It is as Llewellyn Tipping and Menezes stated in Matriculation English, “When turning the direct into indirect form certain grammatical changes have to
be made.
49
In addition, several changes are usually made in converting direct speech to indirect speech. If the time of reporting is expressed as later than the time of the
utterance, there is generally a change of verb forms. The change is termed
49
Llewelyn Tipping A. Menezes, Marticulation..., p.106.
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backshift, and the resulting relationship of verb forms in the reporting and reported clause is known as the sequence of tense.
50
A change of speaker may mean a change of pronoun. A change of time may mean a change of tense; the person reporting uses tenses that relate to the
time when heshe is making the report, not to the time when the original words were used.
51
In other word, when one turns direct question into indirect question, the following changes are necessary. Tenses, pronouns, possessive adjective,
adverbs of time and place change as in statements. Martin Parrot stated in Grammar for English Language Teacher, “Learner
is sometimes confused by the tense and pronoun changes that can occur in reported speech, particularly if their first language doesn’t involve making similar
or parallel changes.”
52
From the statements above, it can be concluded that the grammatical changes that occur in converting direct into indirect question becomes one
difficulty for students whose their mother tongue or first language does not have grammatical changes in reporting somebody’s word or question.
50
Sidney Greenbaum Randolph Quirk, A Students Grammar of The English Language, England: Longman Group, 1990, p. 298-299.
51
Michael Swan, Practical English..., p. 501-502.
52
Martin Parrot, Grammar For English..., p. 225
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. The Purposes of the Study
This study is entitled “An Analysis on Students’ Difficulties in Learning Reported Speech”. Then, the purposes of this study as follows:
1. To know the difficulties encountered by the first year students of MA
Pembangunan UIN Jakarta in learning reported speech. 2.
To find out the reason why the students face the difficulties. B.
The Time and place of the study
The writer conducted her research at MA Pembangunan UIN Syarif Hidayatullah which is located on Jl. Ibnu Taimia IV Ciputat, South Jakarta. The
research was carried on 22 February up to 15 March 2010.
C. The Population and sample of the study
In this study the writer took the population of the first year students of MA Pembangunan UIN Jakarta. The students consist of two classes. The number of
the first year students of MA Pembangunan UIN Jakarta is 71.
The writer decided not to take the whole population as sample in her study. She only took one class which consists of 35 students. Unfortunately, there
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