Objectives of the Study Definition of Terms

being an exception to a phonological rule and morphologically Spencer, 1998:73-74. Morphological idiosyncrasy is shown in the example below: a. arrival, refusal, derivation, description b. arrivation, refusation, derival, describal Some of these derived nominal are formed from the suffix { –al}, some from the suffix {-a tion}. In his theory, Halle provided the examples of some derived nominal that represent morphological idiosyncrasy such as the suffix –al, some from the suffix { – a tion}. The word ‘arrive’ can be attached to suffix –al which result in cre ating the derived word ‘arrival’ but the word ‘arrive’ cannot be attached to suffix ation and become arrivation which mean that not all suffix can be attached to the same word. So, some of derived nominal in suffix { –al} and suffix { – a tion} are used different word formation on each word. Halle thinks that “the lexicon consists of a list of morphemes and that these are concatenated by Word Formation Rules WFR. However, these rules over generate.” Spencer, 1998:74-76 It means that possible derived words are collected from the process of finding the list of morpheme to WFR and idiosyncrasy of each word base on the existence in the dictionaries where the possible morphemes and the meaning of the affixation words are recorded. This process of determining the possible morphemes to the words is called filter whose purposes to classify possible derived words whether they are acceptable or not with their unpredictable changes in meaning. In the process of word formation, phonological structure can influence how a word is made. This influence of phonological structure is called phonological conditioning. There are two ways in which phonological structure influence word formation. First, a morpheme may be restricted to combining only with morphemes of a particular phonological form. Second, phonological conditioning occurs when application of word formation is determined by phonological shape of the output of the rule. The final version of the model Halle can be seen in; Figure 3.3 Halle’s 1973 model final version

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Morpheme

The term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible unit of semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up of. A morpheme cannot be decomposed into smaller units which are either meaningful by themselves or mark a grammatical function like singular or plural number in the noun Katamba, 1993:20. For example, if we divided up the word fee fi: which contains just one morpheme into f andi: it would be impossible to say what each of the sounds f and i: means by itself since sounds in themselves do not have meaning. A morph is a physical form representing some morpheme in a language. It is a recurrent distinctive sound phoneme or sequence of sounds phonemes. If different morphs represent the same morpheme, they are grouped together and they are called allomorphs of that morpheme. List of morpheme s Word formation Rules Dictionary Filter Output Phonology Syntax In English, there are two kinds of morpheme, there are free morpheme and bound morpheme. A morpheme is free if it is able to appear as a word by itself. It is bound if it can only appear as part of a larger, multi-morphemic word. Every morpheme is either free or bound. Free morphemes are also referred as roots . Bound morphemes are also referred to as affixes, among which there are prefixes, infixes, and suffixes.

a. prefixes: un-happy, re-write, pre-view b. suffixes: writ-ing, quick-ly, and neighbor-hood

c. infixes: very rare in English speech-o-meter Bound morphemes may be derivational or inflectional

A stem can be defined as a root to which an affix can be added. Thus, the root dog is also a stem, because, even though it contains no affixes, an affix could be added to it - to form, e.g., dog-s. This notion is necessary because not all roots are such that affixes can be added to them - e.g., of, or, I , etc.

2. Theories of Inflection and Derivation

According to Mark Aronoff and Fudeman Kirsten 2011: 2-4, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical function. A morpheme may be a word such as hand , or a meaningful component of a word, such as the – ed of looked , that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. The term ‘morph’ is sometimes used to refer specifically to the phonological realization of a morpheme. For example, the English past tense morpheme that is spelled – ed has various morphs. It is realized as [t] after the voiceless [p] of jump cf. jumped , as [d] after the voiced [l] of repel cf. Repelled , and as [ ᵊd] after the