D. Differences on the Deadjectival Verbs of {en-} Prefixation and {-en}
Suffixation
This is the last part of the analysis section of this study. Generally, this part will analyze the differences between the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} which
have discussed on the previous part. In this part, the present writer will only present the differences in the three previous sections. First, for some reason, we
always think that the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} are one family which means that both derived and create in the same origin but they did not. They are
completely created or derived from different origin. The prefix {en-} belong to Old French which the prefix {en-} originally is the prefix {in-} in the Latin and
because of this, most of the adjective stems that attached to the prefix {en-} are from Old French. While the suffix {-en} are originally derived from Old English
from word –
nian.
Therefore, most of the adjective stems of {-en} suffixation are from Old English of Germanic origin. Second, the adjective stems of {en-}
prefixation belong to monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words while the adjective stems of {en-} suffixation only belong to monosyllabic words.
Third, there are differences on the process of word formation between {en-} prefixation and {-en} suffixation. The suffix {-en} can only attached to adjective
stem that is monosyllabic stem and only if they end in an obstruent. The examples of the stem which end by obstruent in their final position which are
permissible to be attached to the suffix {-en} are: Example: - Black blak
Blackenˈblakən -
Tough tʌf Toughen ˈtʌfn
The two examples above are the evidence that the adjective stem which has obstruent sound on the final position will be attached to the suffix {-en}. In the
contrary of adjective stem in prefixation {-en} did not have the obstruent on the final position and are monosyllabic or poly-syllabic stem can not be attached with
the suffix {-en} or are not acceptable to be attached to the suffix {-en}. For example:
largelɑːdʒ enlarge ɛnˈlɑːdʒ not
largen
dear dɪə endear ɛnˈdɪənot
dearen
sure ʃʊə ensure ɛnˈʃʊə not
suren
The suffix {-en} cannot be attached to the stem ‘large’ because the final
position is not fricatives and stop but in the final position the stem ‘large’ has an
affricative dʒ. The suffix {-en} also cannot be attached to the stem with vowel on the final position. For example, the stem
‘dear’ and ‘sure’ both have the vowel ə in the final position. There is one stems that can be attached to the suffix {-en}
such as the stem ‘rich’. The stem ‘rich’ have the fricative in final position so the
stem can be attached to the suffix {- en} as ‘richen’. However, the complex word
‘richen’ is not very productive so the complex word that has been familiar is the complex word
‘enrich’. Last, the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} have different meaning. Based on
the linguistic field, the prefix {en- } has meaning “expressing conversion into the
specified state”, “bring into the condition of”. While Based on the linguistic field,
There is one general meaning of the suffix {-en} when it is attached to the adjective stem. There is only one general meaning from adjective stem denoting
the development, creation, or intensification of a state. Even though in the linguistic field the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} have different general
meaning, in the data result the meaning of both the prefix {en-} and the suffix {- en} are almost the same which is
“make someone or something to X”. Example of the {en-} prefixation: bitter
Embitter Change of meaning
: feeling or showing anger, hurt, or resentment because of bad experiences or a sense of
unjust treatment
make someone feel bitter or resentful. Example of the {-en} suffixation: deep
deepen Change of meaning: used to describe or ask about the depth of sth, showing
great knowledge or understanding
to become deeper; to make something deeper.
Based on this example, the example the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} have the same meaning as
“the act of making someone or something in state of X”. Even though the application or the process of affixation is different, the meaning
may have no differences. In the {en-} prefixation, we found that most of the deadjectival verbs except
the verb ‘enlarge’ only belong to transitive verb. The other example that can be
categorized as intransitive verb are the words ‘bitter’, ‘able’, ‘dear’, ‘sure’ and
‘rich’. While In the {-en} suffixation, we found almost all of the complex word belong to intransitive and transitive verb. There are some the deadjectival verbs
that belong only in transitive verb. This complex words are
sadden
and
cheapen
. Most of the {en-} prefixati
on of adjective stem have the problem or ‘gaps’ like the word
‘noble’. The other example are the words ‘bitter’, ‘able’, ‘dear’, ‘sure’ and ‘rich’. Most of the adjective states have no inchoative form in
derivational form but they can convey the meaning in different way by using phrase. In the case of
rich
, one could use a phrase, such as “
become rich
”, to convey the inchoative meaning rather than using derivational affixes. While Most
of the {-en} suffixation of adjective stem have a complete notion than {en-} prefixation. The other examples are the words
‘bright’, ‘dark’, ‘fat’, ‘hard’ and ‘loose’.
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
This is the last chapter which will provide the conclusion of this study. The conclusions will be taken from analysis part of this study in order to answer
all the problem formulation of this study. Generally, both the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} are derivational affixes to form the deadjectival verbs.
First, the characteristics of the adjective stems attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en} are slightly different. The characteristics of the adjective stems
on the {en-} prefixation and on {-en} suffixation are seen base on the etymology and syllable. Because of the prefix {en-} is originally from Old French, most of
the adjective of the prefix {en-} are from Middle English of Old French while there are some of adjective stem which are originally borrowed from Old English
of Germanic origin and the adjective stems belong to monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words. Because of the suffix {-en} is from Old English, most of the
stems are borrowed from Old English of Germanic origin while there are some of adjective stem which are originally borrowed from Middle English of Old French
and most of the stems belong to monosyllabic words. Second, the phonological influence of the {en-} prefixation and {-en}
suffixation are different. Phonological influence of the {en-} prefixation can be seen in the form of the phonetic transcription on the initial position of the complex
words. The phonetic transcription on the initial position of the complex words has different form. The phonetic transcription from the prefix {en-} is
ɪn and ɛn. There is phonology rule in the {en-} prefixation called assimilation rule when the
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