The Caribbean English Dialect that is used by Christophine, Amélie, and

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, the writer answers the first problem, which one is classified as the Caribbean English dialect that is used by Christophine, Amélie, and Daniel Cosway in Jean Rhys‟s Wide Sargasso Sea. In second part, the writer answers the second problem which isthe social factors that influenced the three characters in the novel.

A. The Caribbean English Dialect that is used by Christophine, Amélie, and

Daniel Cosway The Caribbean or West Indies is a part of outer circles „Englishes‟ whereas English has become an important role because the region is a part of English Commonwealth areas. As a second language, English is used in formal situation such as education and government while local language is used in literature and societyCrystal, 2003:60. In this novel, Caribbean English dialect has becomea central importance for the three characters on the way how they speak and express themselves. Thus, in this part, the writer focuses on the linguistic features that are used in the novel, especially for three characters utterances. Table 1. Findings of Features Characters Grammatical Lexical repetition Christophine 69 37 36 Amélie 11 3 4 Daniel 24 21 8 Total 104 61 48 Table 1 shows the data description based on the features of three characters. ForChristophine, the writer found 69 data in the grammar, 37 data in the lexicon, and 36 data in the repetition. For Amélie, 11 data in the grammar, 3 datain the lexicon, and 4data occur in the repetition. For Daniel, 24 data occur in the grammar, 21 data in the lexicon, and 8 data in the repetition. The total of each data are: grammar 104 data, lexicon 61 data, and repetition 48 data. In the next part, the writer presents the details of findings features analysis based on grammar, lexicon, and repetition.

I. Grammatical Analysis

Based on the results, the writer found some grammatical features that are used in the novel which is related to the nonstandard characteristic. Above, the writer shows the specific characteristics based on three characters that appear in the novel. Table 2. Findings of grammar Characters Grammatical features copula inflectional –s tenses inversion Negation plural form personal pronoun Christophine 11 13 24 9 10 1 1 Daniel 1 2 19 - 2 - - Amélie 2 4 2 2 1 - - Total 14 19 45 11 13 1 1 Total occurrences 104 Above, the data shows that based on the grammatical features used by the th ree characters in Jean Rhys‟s Wide Sargasso Sea, 105 grammatical features are found in the novel, which are 14copulas, 19 inflectional third person, 45 tenses, 11 inversions, 13 negations, 1 plural form, and 1 personal pronoun see appendix. For further explanation in the table 2, the writer presents the analysis of grammar based on the data that is used by the three characters.

1. The absence of copula before adjective, expression of location, noun, and

in present continuous or progressive tense. The use of copulabe is and are are often omitted in each utterances. The function of copula here is as a link or connector of nonverbal predicates nouns, adjectives, and adverbials and reflects the number or person of the subject of noun as well as in the present tense Celce and Larsen, 1983:33. There are three functions of copula which are attributive, nominative, and locative Aceto, 2006:212. In Creole language, especially Caribbean English, these functions occur in their daily ways of expression. It happens depending on the predicate of the sentences. The copula be is variably patterning before a noun phrase, a predicate adjective, a locative, and a progressive. Therefore, there has no occurrence of be before those four predicates Day, 1974:40. Below here, the data of the utterances of copula absence are provided. Table 3. The absence of copula inan adjective Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I11C „because she pretty like pretty self‟ Part I, pg. 15 „because she is pretty like pre tty self‟ In table 3, the copula be is omitted when the predicate is an adjective. InChristophine‟sutterances, it appears that the copulais is always omitted when the predicate of the sentence is an adjective see appendix II. Table 4. The absence of copula in expression of location Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I11A „Yourhusban‟ he outside the door…‟ Part II, pg. 91 „Your husband he is outside the door…‟ In table 4, the copula be is omitted when the predicate of the sentence is an adverb of place location. In Amélié‟s utterance, the omission of copula beappeared before the prepositional phrase see appendix. Table 5. The absence of copula in noun Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I110A „Miss Antoinette a white girl with a lot of money,‟ Part II, pg. 110 „Miss Antoinette is a white girl with a lot of money,‟ In table 5, the copula be is omitted when the predicate of the sentence is a noun. It is omitted before the predicate that shows a noun.see appendix. Table 6. The absence of copula in a form of present continuous or progressive tense Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I117C „Tell your husband you feeling sick‟ Part II, pg. 100 „Tell your husband you are feeling s ick‟ In table 6, the copula be is omitted in the form of present continuous or progressive tense. It occurs before the verbs. In this case, Christophine always omits the copula in the progressive time; seen through the sentence with present progressive tense see appendix.

2. The absence of subject-verb agreementthird person

–s in present tense Subject-verb agreement third person singular tells us to place a problem only in present tense where third person form is inflected explicitly while others are not. In this case, the third person is used to clarify the subject if they are a singular proper name, a singular common noun, a mass noun, and a singular third person by adding inflectional –s Celce and Larsen, 1983:36 Table 7. The absence of third person –s in present tense Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I22A „Christophinedon‟t like this sweet honeymoon house.‟ Part II, pg. 91 „Christophinedo[es]n‟t like this sweet honeymoon house.‟ Table 7 shows that Christophine usually omits the inflectional –s in the present time. In the verb do in don‟t should be doesn‟t when they are speaking in the present time. The function of verb do here is as an auxiliary with no nonfinite forms and appears only in present and past forms Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik, 1985:132. The verbdo is also an irregular verb. It has a special form for the third person singular inflection by suffixing –es in the end of the word. Based on the analysis, Caribbean English dialect that is used by the three characters shows a special characteristic in subject-verb agreement inflection especially in the third person singular. The general grammar rules stated that the verb don‟t is used when the subject is the first person I, you, we, and they. However, in this case, the verb don‟t refers to the third person he, she and it see appendix. In the other case, subject-verb agreement also appeared in the verb form of third person singular inflection. For example in the verb know, own, and have. The three characters usually omit the suffix –s in the end of the verb see appendix.

3. The use of simple present tense forms to refer to past tense or future

tense In Caribbean English dialect, simple present tense is commonly used to indicate past and future time depending on the context and meaning. In the novel, the three characters use simple present tense to refer to past and future. Table 8. The use of simple present tense to refer to past tense Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I319D „I tell you I leave Spanish Town; I don‟t know all that happened.‟ Part II, pg. 113 „I told you I left Spanish Town; I don‟t know all that happened.‟ Table 9. The use of simple present tense to refer to future tense Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I317C „He give again and well satisfy. In the end he come to find out what you do, how you get on without him, and if he see you fat and happy he want you back.‟ Part II, pg. 100 „He will give again and well satisfy. In the end he will come to find out what you do, how you get on without him, and if he see you fat and happy he will want you back.‟ In using tense and aspect, Christophine, Amélie, and Daniel usethe present time to refer the past in their utterances. Based on the analysis, the main problem is the differences in using verb agreement which is related between the moment of speaking and the situation tense and aspect. For example in Daniel‟s utterance „I tell you I leave Spanish Town; I don‟t know all that happened‟ I319D. Here, Daniel tries to speak about the event that is happened in the past. However, the verb agreement that is used by Daniel such as tell and leave is used in the present time. In table 9, Christophine uses the present tense to refer future tenses. For example in her utterance „He give again and well satisfy. In the end he come to find out what you do, how you get on without him, and if he see you fat and happy he want you back‟ I317C. In this context, Christophine tries to tell something that will be happened in the future time. The modal auxiliary will that is used in the future time is absence. In addition, tense and aspect in Caribbean English happened depending on the context of the speaking. The verb agreement, action, event, and time signal are the main factor to understand the difference in using tense and aspect in the utterances see appendix.

4. Absence of Subjectverb or auxiliary element inversion in interrogative

expression In inversion, there is a problem when to invert the subject and the verb after the question words such as what, when, why, and how. Hence, helping verb is used to form a question when to invert subject and verb such as be, have, can, could, will, would, do, etc Philips, 2001:228. In the novel, there are some absences of subjectverb or auxiliary inversion in interrogative appears in the utterances. Table 10. The absence of subjectverb or auxiliary element inversion in interrogative expression with helping verb do Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I48A „Why you don‟t go and see him? It‟s much better.‟ Part II, pg. 109 „Why don‟t you go and see him? It‟s much better.‟ Part II, pg. 109 In table 10, there is no subject – auxiliary inversion in interrogative expression. Here, the subject and the auxiliary do as a helping verb are not inverted as well as in standard interrogative expression. In English-based on Creoles, especially in Caribbean English, there is no difference in syntactic structure between statements declarative expression and questions interrogative expression. It is distinguished only by rising intonation. Thus, in Amélie and Christophine utterances, the auxiliary dostill stand as the operator of the structure of subject-auxiliary inversion see appendix. Table 11. The absence of subjectverb or auxiliary element inversion in interrogative expression without helping verb Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I454C „Who you to tell me to go?...Who you tell me to go?‟ Part II, pg. 144 „Who are you to tell me to go? Who are you tell me to go?‟ Meanwhile, in table 11, the helping verb be, have, can, will, could, would, etc is deleted in subject-auxiliary question inversion. In this case, Christophineused this structure to show that she is a servant. The form that is used is simplified and ambiguous. It is happened because of the deletion of helping verb in front of subject question forms see appendix.

5. Use Negation or Multiple Negation

Negation is a grammatical structure whichconstructs negative rather than affirmative in English by placing not in a finite clause after the operator Celce and Larsen, 1998:183. In Caribbean English, the function of negation is to negate the statements that are contrary with the truth. It is designated by preverbal negator such as no, don‟t, ain‟t, and never. In the analysis, there are some cases in using negation or multiple negations that are used in the novel. Table 12. The use of negation Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I510D „I‟m no slave like my mother was.‟ Part II, pg. 112 „I‟m nota slave like my mother was.‟ In table 12, the three characters use the negation in their utterances to show their statements which are negative, for example as in the utterances of Daniel Cosway „I‟m no slave like my mother was‟ I510D. Table 13. The use of multiplenegations Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I511A „I don‟t say nothing, master.‟ Part II, pg. 110 „I don‟t say anything, master.‟ In table 13, the function of multiple negations is to emphasize the statement which is totally negative. In Amélie‟s utterance „I don‟t say nothing, master‟ I511A, the word „nothing‟ in her utterance have a function to emphasize the negative point in the utterance. Table 14. Th e use of negation ain‟t Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I530C „Béké clever like the devil. More clever than God. Ain‟tso?‟ Part II, pg. 106 „Béké is clever like the devil. More clever than God. Isn‟tso?‟ In table 14, the function of ain‟t here is similar as the other function before. However, the use of ain‟t, is commonly used in the context of non-standard or informal. The word ain‟t can be known as the negator based on the auxiliary such as don‟t, didn‟t, isn‟t, wasn‟t, aren‟t, weren‟t, haven‟t, hasn‟t, etc. In this case, Christophine used ain‟t to replace isn‟t in the utterance „Béké clever like the devil. „More clever than God. Ain‟t so?‟ I530C. The word ain‟t refers to Békéas the subject see appendix.

6. Use of singular for plural form of nouns

In Caribbean English, the absence of inflectional for plural form is common if the plurality is already indicated, for example „I have two cat,‟ „The three dog,‟and„My father work two job.‟ Table 15. The use of Singular for plural form of nouns Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I64C „I send the girl to clear up the mess you make with the frangipani, it bring cockroach in the house.‟ Part II, pg.77 „I send the girl to clear up the mess you make with the frangipani, it bring cockroaches in the house.‟ Based on table 15, there is no inflectional plural form of nouns in Christophine‟s utterance. The problem is in the word „cockroach‟, which has context as a plural thus, it is necessary to add inflectional –es in the ending of the word. In this context, Christophine uses this feature to show that there is the existence of the usage of singular plural form of nouns in the novel.

7. Differences in the use of personal pronouns

In Caribbean English, personal pronoun or possession is shown by possessing of possessor and possessed, not by Standard English personal pronouns. For example in the sentence „This is John hat‟. Table 16. Difference in the use of personal pronouns Number of Data Caribbean English Standard English I727C „My rings. Two are valuable. Don‟t show it to him. Hide it away. Promise me.‟ Part II, pg. 104 „My rings. Two are valuable. Don‟t show them to him. Hide them away. Promise me.‟ In table 16, there is a difference in using personal pronouns in the plural context. English grammar rules, stated that if a noun is a plural, a personal pronoun must be a plural Azar, 1999:132. However, this context is different. The noun „my ring s‟ indicated that it is a singular noun. Thus, Christophine refers „my rings‟ to it in a singular pronoun.

II. Lexical Analysis

Besides grammatical features, the writer also found some lexical features that are used in the novel. Below here, there are some lexical items used by the three characters based on the classification such as idiomatic expression, coinages, compounds, semantic modification, religious terms, names of flora and fauna, dialectal terms, and proper names toponyms. Table 17. Lexical analysis finding data Lexical Features Frequency Idiomatic expression 8 Coinages 3 Compounds 4 Semantic modification 10 Religious terms 4 Names of flora and fauna 2 Dialectal forms 10 Toponyms 20 Total 61 Based on the data above, the writer found 61 occurrences of lexical features, which are 8 idiomatic expressions, 3 coinages, 4 compounds, 10 semantic modifications, 4 religious terms, 2 names of flora and fauna, 10 dialectal forms, and 20 toponyms. For the further explanation in the table 17, the writer presents the lexical analysis in the next part.

1. Idiomatic Expression

In the novel, the writer found some idiomatic words and idiomatic expressions that are used by Christophine and Daniel Cosway. Some idiomatic words and expressions are used to refer the context of speaking. Table 18. Idiomatic expressionwords Idiomatic wordsexpressions Frequency Meaning Pretty like pretty self 1 Beautiful Nothorse pisslike the English madams drink 1 Lies, nonsense Cold to freeze your bones 1 Obsession, dreams Clever like the devil 2 Smart and quick intelligent like the devil Moneyhavepretty faceforeverybody, money pretty like pretty self 1 Wealthy money is worthy than anything Good shot of white rum in that 1 one shot of the best white rum Merciful to weak 1 Passion Total 8 The use of idiomatic expression is influenced by the geographical, social, and cultural situation based on the context between the speaker and listener, what object is being discussed, the general facts, or world topic that are considered. Based on the data, Christophine and Daniel uses idiomatic expression to refer the issue that is being discussed recently between them and other characters. One of the data examples is the idiomatic word pretty which is always used by Christophine to refer something that is beautiful. The word pretty refers to a beautiful woman, as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “because she pretty like pretty self” Rhys, 1982:15, another is referred to a worthy money which is important than anything in the world, as seen in her utterance, “That is no lie. Money have pretty face for everybody, but for that man money pretty like pretty self, he can‟t see nothing else” Rhys, 1982:103.

2. Coinages

Coinage is a word-formation that is formed by the names of brands or individuals discovers or inventors that is associated with the things which they refer O‟grady, Michael, and Aronoff, 1989:160. Table 19. Coinages Coinage words Frequency Meaning Bull‟s blood 1 Coffee Yellow horse piss 1 A cheap bear that has weakness taste Tim-tim story 1 Myths Total 3 In the table 19, some word-formation that Christophine usedis borrowed from the other languages. “Coinages are used to form a new word with different meaning” Bauer, 2002:40. The word Bull‟s blood in Europe is a kind of Hungarian-red wine, while in Caribbean is a red bea n or coffee, as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “Taste my bull‟s blood, master” Rhys, 1982:77. The word tim-tim story in Caribbean is a kind of myths or belief folklore, as seen in her utterance, “so you believe in that tim- tim story about obeah, you h ear when you so high?” Rhys,1982:102. The word Yellow horse piss in English vocabulary is a horse‟ urine, meanwhile in the urban language is a cheap beer that has a weak taste, as seen in her utterance, “I know them. Drink drink their yellow horse piss, talk, talk, talk their lying talk” Rhys, 1982:77.

3. Compounds

Compound is the way to form words by combining two words of lexical categories become a new word O‟grady, Michael, and Aronoff, 1989:151. In English-based creoles, compound word is commonly used to form a new word based on English words that have a new meaning. Here are the examples of compound words that are used in the novel. Table 20. Compounds Compound words Frequency Meaning Bad-hearted 1 Mean Dead woman 1 a zombie Yellow bastard 1 a called of peoplewho is bad, evil, and diabolical Two-faced 1 Someone‟s behavior that has a good side but in the other side shehe isbad. Total 4 Christophine and Daniel Cosway use this word formation to express their semantic relationship in the utterances of speaking. From the data, each compound identifies the semantic relationship based on their related topic that is used in their speaking see appendix. The word bad-hearted means a mean person, as seen in Christophine utterance, “Ask him pretty for some of your own money, the man not bad-hearted, he give it” Rhys, 1982:100. The word dead woman means a zombie, as seen in her utterance, “Your face like dead woman and your eyes red like soucriant” Rhys, 1982:105. The word yellow bastard means a way to call people who you hate the most, as seen in her utterance, “It‟s lies all that yellow bastard tell you” Rhys, 1982:142. Also the word two-faced means someone‟s behavior that has a good side but in the other side is bad, as seen in Daniel utteranc e, “Yes, Alexander is rich man now but he keep quiet about it. Because he is prosper he is two-faced ” Rhys, 1982:113.

4. Semantic modification

The use of lexicon in linguistics domain is closely reflected to cultural identity and some vocabularies in the dictionary that have been compiled based on the regions that is encountered Crystal, 2010:17. Here are some semantic modification expressions used by Christophine and Daniel cosway. Table 21. Semantic modification Words Frequency Meaning Cold thief place 1 a place that is worse and evil in this context refer to England That damn devil my father 1 an expression of cursing someone in this context refer to his father which is bad A good shot of rum 1 a best shot of rum A sly-boots 1 naughty, mischievous Spindly carcass 1 Body A very fair-coloured girl 1 a pale or light color of skin but still in the range of coloured people Pretty colour-not-yellow 1 a bright colour Worthless good-for-nothing girl 1 foolish girl Sweet talk 1 Seduce A little yellow rat 1 a called of people in „lower class‟ or „slave‟ Total 10 Above here, there are some expressions used by Christophine and Daniel to refer the current issue in their speaking. Based on the expression used, there are some semantic changes referred to the cultural, social, and situational context that is used in the novel. In the situational context, the writer found some words such as cold thief place, that damn devil my father, a good shot of rum, Spindly carcass and worthless good-for-nothing girl. The word cold thief place means a place that is worse and evil. In this context, it refers to England, as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “Why you want to go to this cold thief place? If there is this place at all, I never see it, that is one thing sure ” Rhys, 1982:101. That damn devil my father means to an expression of cursing someone. In this context, Daniel uses this word to refer to his father that is bad and rough, as seen in his utterance, “All I get is curses and get-outs from that damn devil my father ” Rhys, 1982:111. A good shot of rum means to a best shot of rum, as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “When I hear you coming I take a good shot of rum , and I take a glass of water to cool me down, but it don‟t cool me down, it run out of my eyes in t ears and lamentations” Rhys, 1982:110. The word Spindly carcass means to a body, as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “and I‟m not a fool. However the woman‟s dead and that‟s enough. But if there‟s one drop of my blood in your spindly carcass I‟ll eat my hat” Rhys, 1982:112. Also the word a worthless good- for-nothing girl means a foolish girl, as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “Why you don‟t take that worthless good-for-nothing girl somewhere else?” Rhys, 1982:135. In the context of custom and society, the writer found the word such as a sly- boots. A Sly-boot means to a naughty or mischievous person, as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “Your mother was a sly-boots if ever there was one” Rhys, 1982:112. While, in the context of cultural and social, the writer found some words such as a very fair-coloured girl, pretty colour-not-yellow, and a little yellow rat. The word a very fair-coloured girl means to a pale or light color of skin, as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “Alexander now, he can‟t keep away from them, and in the end he marry a very fair-coloured girl very respectable family” Rhys, 1982:113.The word pretty colour-not-yellow means to bright colour girl, as seen in his utterance, “Pretty face, soft skin, pretty colour – not yellow like me. But my sister just the same…” Rhys, 1982:114. The word a little yellow rat is meant to a called for a person who is in lower class. In this context, Daniel uses this word to claim that he is “a little yellow rat,” which is dirty, invaluable, and low less. In the context of personal or sex relationship, the word sweet talk means seduce, as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “Your own wife she talks sweet talk and she lies” Rhys, 1982:113.

5. Religious or Spiritual terms

Religious term is used for describing something or concept that is religious. In this novel, there are some religious terms used by Daniel Cosway. Table 22. Religious terms Names Frequency Wicked world 1 Satan 1 White marble tablet 1 Pious 1 Total 4 Based on the data, Daniel and Christophine use religious terms to refer a religious or spiritual such as wicked world , as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “Woman must have spunks to live in this wicked world” Rhys, 1982:92; Satan, as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “that boy worse than Satan and he burn in hell one of these fine nights” Rhys, 1982:100; White marble tablet, as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “My father old Cosway, with his white marble tablet in the English church at Spanish Town for all to see” Rhys, 1982:111; and Pious, as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “Pious,” they write up. “Beloved by all” Rhys, 1982:111.

6. Names of Flora and Fauna

Same as Daniel Cosway who used religious term in his context of speaking, Christophine also uses names of flora and fauna in her speaking. In this analysis, the writer found two words of flora and fauna names that are Frangipani and Cockroach. Table 23. Names of Flora and Fauna Names Frequency Frangipani 1 Cockroach 1 Total 2 Based on the table 23, the word Frangipani and Cockroach are familiar in the s ociety especially in terms of nature life. As seen in her utterance, “I send the girl to clear up the mess you make with the frangipani, it bring cockroach in the house” Rhys, 1982:77.

7. Dialectal terms

When some countries adopt a local language as means of communication, it immediately starts adapting it for communicative need of the region Crystal, 2010:17. It means that, every region has several local languages that are used in everyday life, in the means of communication. Below here, there are some local languages that are used in the novel. Table 24. Dialectal terms Dialectal terms Origins Frequency Meaning Béké French Patois 4 A white person Doudou French Patois 3 Little darling Obeah African 1 A set or system of secret beliefs in using supernatural forces to attend or defend against devil Doudouché Patois 1 Dear little darling Soucriant Dominica, Trinidadian, Guadalupe Caribbean Folklore 1 A legendary old woman who sucks the blood of her victims at night Total 10 Based on the data above, some words used are borrowed from local Caribbean island and also African language. Each of the local words has a meaning, related to the context of speaking. Dialect terms are usually related to their cultural, society, and beliefs in the region. It could be the names of folklore, custom, informal language slang, myths, etc. In this case, Christophine always uses dialectal terms in many context of speaking. In the context of personal relation, the writer found two words such as doudou and doudouché. The word doudou means little darling and doudouché means dear little darling, as seen in Christophine‟s utterances, “I say doudou, if you have trouble you are right to come to me” Rhys, 1982:136, and “Listen doudouché. Plenty people fasten bad words on yo u...” Rhys, 1982:103. In the context of society, the word béké means white person, as seen in her utterance, “She is not béké like you, but she is béké , and not like us either” Rhys, 1982:140. Other words such as obeah and soucriant are used in the context of myths and beliefs. The word obeah means a system of secret beliefs in using supernatural forces to attend or defend against devil, as in her utterance, “So you believe in that tim-tim story about obeah, you hear when you so high? All that foolishne ss and folly” Rhys, 1982:102. The word soucriant means a legendary story of an old woman who sucks the blood of her victims at the night, as seen in her utterance, “Your face like dead woman and your eyes red like soucriant ” Rhys,1982:105.

8. Toponyms

Toponym is a term that is related to physical or popular names of something that has brought by colonizers as the new language or terms in their colonial region Bauer, 2002:34. In this novel, Toponyms are useful to describe some places, things, government, person and myths in the characters ‟ context of speaking. Below here are the lists of Toponyms used by Christophine, Daniel, and Amélie. Table 25. Toponyms words Toponyms words Frequency Utterances Martinique 1 „Tell your husband you feeling sick, you want to visit your cousin in Martinique .‟ Jamaica 4 „I put no trust in none of those people around you. Not here, not in Jamaica .‟ „But you marry quick, you leave Jamaica quick. No time.‟ „…..he talk like a preacher, and he have a brother in Jamaica in Spanish Town, Mr. Alexander.‟ „She have to leave Jamaica because she go to jail: you know that?‟ Coulibri 1 „Speak to your husband calm and cool, tell him about your mother and all what happened at Coulibriand why she get sick and what they do to h er.‟ Barbados 1 „They say one time he was a preacher in Barbados ,‟ Spanish Town 3 „…..and he have a brother in Jamaica in Spanish Town , Mr. Alexander.‟ „I tell you I leave Spanish Town, I don‟t know all that happen.‟ „My father old Cosway, with his white marble tablet in the English church at Spanish Town for all to see.‟ Prince Rupert 1 „Rupert that man‟s name was. Plenty Ruperts here you notice? One is Prince Rupert ….‟ Rupert the Rine 1 „…..and one who makes songs is Rupert the Rine .‟ England 1 „She don‟t come to your house in this place England they tell me about.‟ English Church 1 „with his white marble tablet in the English church …‟ The Magistrate 1 „The magistrate now, he know a lot….‟ a silver big inkstand 1 „He have a big silver inkstand on his desk…‟ a coloured man 1 „She won‟t marry with a coloured man….‟ Creole girl 1 „She is Creole girl,‟ Zombie 1 „….he look like he see zombie.‟ a nigger 1 „Not to go barefoot like a nigger.‟ Total 20 Based on the data, the writer found some Toponyms used in the novel. Some words are used in the novel such as country names, physical place, popular names, society, government, and myths. For the country names, some words are used such as Martinique, as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “Tell your husband you feeling sick, you want to visit your cousin in Martinique ” Rhys, 1982:100; Jamaica as seen in Amélie‟s utterance, “ he talk like a preacher and he have a brother in Jamaica.. ” Rhys, 1982:109; Coulibri as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “….tell him about your mother and what happened at coulibri ” Rhys, 1982:105; Barbados as seen in Amélie‟s utterance, “They say one time he was a preacher in Barbados, he talk like a preacher…” Rhys, 1982:109; Spanish Town as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “I tell you I leave Spanish Town ; I don‟t know all that happen” Rhys, 1982:113; England as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “She don‟t come to your house in this place England they tell me about” Rhys, 1982:143. For the popular names, some words that are used such as Prince Rupert as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “Rupert that man‟s name was. Plenty Ruperts here you notice? One is Prince Rupert …” Rhys, 1982:138; Rupert the Rine as seen Christophine‟s utterance, “…..and one who makes songs is Rupert the Rine. You see him? He sells his songs do wn by the bridge there in town” Rhys, 1982:138. For the physical places, such as English church as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “My father old Cosway, with his white marble tablet in the English churchin Spanish Town for all to see” Rhys, 1982:111; Things, such as a silver big inkstand as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “He have a big silver inkstand on his desk, he throw it at my head and he curse me, but I duck and the inkstand hit the door” Rhys, 1982:112; Government, such as The magistrate as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “The magistrate now, he know a lot, but his wife very friendly with the Mason family and she stop him if she can” Rhys, 1982:112. Also for the people names, some words that are used such as, a coloured man as seen Amélie‟s utterance, “She won‟t marry with a coloured man eventhough he don‟t look like a coloured man” Rhys, 1982:110; Creole girl as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “She is Creole girl, and she have the sun in her” Rhys, 1982:143; Zombie as seen in Amélie‟s utterance, “Your husban‟ he outside the door and he look like he see zombie ” Rhys, 1982:91; and a nigger as seen in Daniel‟s utterance, “Not to go barefoot like a nigger” Rhys, 1982:111.

III. Repetition analysis

Syntactic parallelism or repetition is quite common in literary works, especially in poetry and prose. In the novel, the use of parallelism or repetition in the conversation of three characters is shown in their utterances. Below are the results of findings of repetition. Table 26. Findings of Repetition Above here, the data shows that there are 48 occurrences of repetition found in the novel. The total of repetitive expression is 121 occurs in the phrases, clauses, and words of the sentence of utterances. For the further analysis based on the data description, the writer presents the details of analysis. Types of Repetition Total requency Total repetitive expression frequency Phrases, clauses, words Anaphora 17 40 Epistrophe 9 18 Symploce 18 55 Word Repetition 4 8 Total repetitive expression 121 Total occurrences 48

1. Anaphora

In Anaphora, repetition occurs when the word is repeated at the beginning of clauses or phrases in the utterances. In here, the writer found some repetitive expressions that is shown in the utterances, as seen in the table Table 27. Findings of Anaphora Repetitive Expression UtterancesExpression Frequency I have „I have right to my rest. I have my house that your mother give me so long ago and I have my garden and my son to work for me. 3 I know „I know it. I know who is talking and what they say.‟ 2 Eat it „Eat it then. Eat it.‟ 2 Based on the table 27, this repetition occurs in Christophine‟s utterances. The repetitive expression occurs in the beginning of clauses and repeat in the next clauses. Based on her utterances, anaphora is used to emphasize the first word in order to give description emotional effects of the context of speaking. The most repetitive expression that is found in Anaphora is clauses repetition. One of the examples is in Christophine‟s speech I have. In this utterance, the word I have occurs three times in the beginning of the clauses, as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “I have right to my rest. I have my house that your mother give me so long ago and I have my garden and my son to work for me” Rhys, 1982:92. In this case, Christophine always repeated her utterance to show the emphasis of the word in the speaking see the appendix.

2. Epistrophe

In contrast with Anaphora, Epistrophe involves in the last word of the clauses or phrases. Below here, the data of Epistrophe is provided. Table 28. Findings of Epistrophe Repetitive Expression UtterancesExpression Frequency Once more „Smile like that once more, just once more ,‟ 2 A hard thing „You ask me a hard thing; I tell you ahardthing ,‟ 2 ….away „When you get away, stay away.‟ 2 Love you „Hush up; if the man don‟t love you, I can‟t make him love you.‟ 2 This repetition occurs in the last of the phrases, clauses, or words of the utterances. Same as Anaphora, the function of Epistrophe in their utterances is to give emphasis in the repetitive expression. It helps the repetitive expression to make the words more rhyming and appeals the emotions. In Christophine‟s speech, one of examples, the word once more occurs two times in the last sentences, as seen in her utterance, “Smile like that once more, just once more ” Rhys, 1982:92 see the appendix. 3. Symploce Symploce is also known as the combination of Anaphora and Epistrophe. It involves at the beginning clauses or phrases of the sentence and another at the end of the sentence. Below here are the data of symploce which are used by Christophine, Amélie, and Daniel. Table 29. Findings of Symploce Repetitive Expression UtterancesExpression Frequency Talk „Talk, talk their lying talk.‟ 3 I give you bellyache….Perhaps you …. „I give you bellyache like you never see bellyache. Perhaps you lie a long time with the bellyache I give you. Perhaps you don‟t get up again with the bellyache I give you .‟ 5 I don’t… know….I see… „ I don’t say I don’t believe, I say I don’t know, I know what I see with my eyes and I never see it.‟ 7 some…money…place „Besides I ask myself is this place like they tell us? Some say one thing, some different… and they thief your money ….You have money in your pocket, you look again and bam No money….If there is place at all, I never see it, that is one thing sure.‟ 6 As seen above, the repetition of Symploce is different than other repetition that is found in the novel. The characteristic of symploce appeared when the words, phrases, or clauses occur in the beginning and in the end of sentences. In here, emphasis of the words, clauses, or phrases appears more than once. One of the examples in the word I give you bellyache is repeated in the beginning of the first line and second line, and then repeated again in the last line. Meanwhile, the words Perhaps you is repeated in the second line and repeated again in the last line, as seen in Christophine‟s utterance, “I give you bellyache like you never see bellyache. Perhaps you lie a long time with the bellyache I give you. Perhaps you don‟t get up again with the bellyache I give you ” Rhys, 1982:93. The Function of symploce in here is to show the rhyme that is repeated and give the pleasurable and memorable for the readers in order to get the emotional of the speaking by the characters see appendix.

4. Word Repetition

In this repetition, the word repeats more than once and may occur in the beginning or at the end of the sentence. Table 30. Findings of Word Repetition Repetitive Expression UtterancesExpression Frequency Drink drink „Drink drink their yellow horse piss…‟ 2 Yes master „Yes master, yes master.‟ 2 Bad, bad „Bad, bad trouble come when béké meddle with that.‟ 2 Question „They tell her she is mad, they act like she is mad. Question, question .‟ 2 Based on the data, some words such as drink drink; yes master, yes master; bad, bad; and question, question, as seen in Amélie‟s utterance, “Yes master, yes master ” Rhys, 1982:91 and Christophine‟s utterance, “They tell her she is mad, they act like she is mad. Question, question ” Rhys, 1982:143, “Drink drink their yellow horse piss….” Rhys, 1982:77, and “Bad, bad trouble come when béké meddle with that” Rhys, 1982:102. Those words indicated that Christophine and Amélie used this repetition to emphasize the word in certain context. It is also used to show the „genuine‟ or „authentic‟ form of something that becomes a current issue of the speaking see appendix.

B. The social factors which influence three characters in using Caribbean