Tabel 1. Konjungsi Internal J.R. Martin dan David Rose, 2003:134 Addition
developing additive
further, furthermore, moreover, in addition, as well, besides,
additionally alternative
alternatively staging
framing now, well, alright, okay
sidetracking anyway, anyhow, incidentally, by the
way Comparison
similar compare
similarly, again rework
that is. i.e., for example, for instance, e.g., in general, in particular, in short
adjust in fact, indeed, at least
different contrast
rather, by contrast retract
on the other hand, conversely Time
successive ordering
first, secondly, third, next, previously terminating
finally, lastly simultaneous adjacent
at the same time interrupted
still Consequence concluding
conclude thus, hence, accordingly, in
conclusion, consequently justify
after all countering
dismiss anyway, anyhow, in any case, at any
rate concede
admittedly, of course, needless to say unexpected
nevertheless, nonetheless, still Contoh:
2.TJP You can be free and not independent, and conversely you can be
independent and not free. Tuturan 2.TJP terdapat konjungsi internal conversely yang berfungsi
menghubungkan klausa simpleks you can be free and not independent dengan klausa simpleks sesudahnya you can be independent and not free.
f. Konjungsi eksternal
Sementara itu konjungsi eksternal di dalam kalimat dibagi menjadi tujuh jenis berdasarkan hubungan maknanya yaitu addition penambahan, comparison
perbandingan, time urutan waktu, cause sebab akibat, means penjelasan,
condition kondisi, purpose tujuan. Setiap jenis mempunyai wujud seperti dalam tabel berikut.
Tabel 2. Konjungsi Eksternal J.R. Martin dan David Rose, 2003:133 Addition
additive add
and, besides, both … and subtract
nor, neither … nor alternative
or, either … or, if not … then. Comparison
similar like, as if
different opposite
whereas, while replacing
instead of, in place of, rather than excepting
except that, other than, apart from Time
successive sometime
after, since, now that; before immediate once, as soon as; until
simultaneous as, while, when
Cause expectant
because, so, therefore concessive although, even though, but, however
Means expectant
by, thus concessive even by, but
Condition open
expectant if, then, provided that, as long as
concessive even if, even then closed
unless Purpose
desire expectant
so that, in order to, in case concessive even so, without
fear lest, for fear of
Contoh: 15.TJP
Journalists who are concerned about the important role their profession plays in a democratic society should take on the job to
make sure that they can operate not only in a free environment, but also that they can operate independently of political and
business interests of owners.
Konjungsi eksternal not only … but also digunakan dalam tuturan 15.TJP yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan ide dalam klausa komplek
3.2. Kohesi Leksikal
Di samping kohesi gramatikal, untuk mewujudkan wacana yang padu harus pula didukung oleh piranti lain yaitu kohesi leksikal. Kohesi leksikal ialah
hubungan antar unsur dalam wacana secara semantis Sumarlam, 2003:35. Secara umum kohesi leksikal berupa kata atau frasa bebas yang mampu mempertahankan
hubungan kohesif dengan kalimat yang mendahului atau yang mengikutinya. Kohesi leksikal menurut Halliday dan Hasan terdiri dari dua macam. Pertama,
reiteration pengulangan adalah kohesi yang digunakan dengan mengulang suatu proposisi atau bagian dari proposisi. Reiteration meliputi repetisi ulangan,
sinonimi, superordinat hiponimi, general word kata umum. Kedua, kolokasi kata yang menunjukkan hubungan kedekatan tempat lokasi.
3.2.1. Reiterasi pengulangan
Pengulangan reiteration adalah bentuk kohesi leksikal yang melibatkan pengulangan satuan lingual yang sama. Oleh Halliday dan Hasan 1976:279
pengulangan di sini di kategorikan menjadi:
a. Pengulangan the same word repetition:
Repetisi adalah pengulangan satuan lingual yaitu bunyi, suku kata, kata, atau bagian kalimat. Pengulangan ini terjadi pada satuan lingual selanjutnya.
Contoh: 6.TJP
Today, as bottom line pressures increasingly undermine the independence of even the freest presses in the world, we should
start thinking about expanding the coverage of this important day to encompass freedom as well as the independence of the press.
Frasa the independence muncul kembali mengalami perulangan penuh pada klausa berikutnya.
b. Sinonimi synonym
