communicate in the target language. Speaking is the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts
Chaney, 1998: 13. Speaking is one of skills of the second language learning and teaching. For many years, English teacher just teach speaking as a repetition of drills
or memorization of dialogues. However, in this era of globalization requires that the goal of teaching speaking should improve students communicative skills, because,
only in that way, students can express themselves and learn how to follow the social and cultural rules which are appropriate in each communicative circumstance.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
The main concern of this study is the students’ and lecturers’ perceptions on the conventional or traditional seating arrangement in Public Speaking I class at
Sanata Dharma University. In order to conduct this study, the researcher is going to discuss some literature reviews which provide the background related to this research.
Hence, the researcher is going to first review the nature of various kinds seating arrangement. Second is the nature of Public Speaking I. Then, the researcher will
review the theories of perception. After reviewing the background theories, the researcher will then elaborate the theories to describe the steps that the researcher will
conduct in order to gather the data needed. A. Theoretical Description
Here, the researcher will review the nature of seating arrangements in educational context, the perception theories and the nature of speaking in order to
specify the area that the researcher is going to discuss.
1. Seating Arrangements a. Traditional Seating arrangement
There are many kinds of seating arrangements which are used in classroom. One of seating arrangements which is used mostly in classroom in Indonesia is
conventional or traditional seating arrangement. Although this seating arrangement 12
is old fashioned and still keeps old tradition, it still dominates the seating arrangement in the world. A recent survey of classrooms on a university campus found over 90
percent of the classrooms to have this arrangement Cusick, 1999: 2. According to Alexandra Ramsden 1999: 2, “conventional seating
arrangement is a traditional classroom seating arrangement which consists of several rows of desks facing the teacher.” So, the seating arrangements will consist of rows
and columns. In this type of seating the teacher only can move through the rows. “Because the students only face to one direction toward their teacher, the teacher
becomes the primary source of the knowledge” Cusick, 1999: 2.
Figure 1 Traditional Seating Alexandra Ramsden, 1999: 1
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