Benefits of the Study

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The foundations for answering the research questions, amassed from books and journals, researches and theories, are reviewed in this chapter. This chapter is divided into three sections: review of related theories, review of related studies, and theoretical framework. Review of related theories consists of four parts: critical approach, character and characterization, child abuse and theory of motivation. Review of related studies describes some researchers conducted on the same topic or on the same novel. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework explains the contributions that the reviewed theories make in solving the problems of this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

In relation to child abuse in Ugly, a prior researcher, Isti’anah 2009 in her thesis entitled The Influences of Childhood Abuse on Clare’s Achievement as The First Black Female Judge in The United Kingdom in Briscoe’s Ugly analyzes the effects of child abuse on Clare’s future life. She discusses Clare’s personality and the influences that Clare’s childhood abuses had on her life p.21 – p.44. It is explained there that Clare experienced certain damages in her adult life as a result of her being abused as a child, for example: the feeling of being unwanted and unhappy in general. The effects of her psychological damages have indeed shaped Clare’s future. 11 Another research on Ugly was conducted by Fibrianingsih 2010 in her thesis entitled Clare’s Struggle for a Better Life as Seen in Constance Briscoe’s Ugly. This thesis mainly discusses the struggles of the main character in her hard life. The researcher discusses Clare’s motivation more than the abuse itself. She discusses Clare’s description and her struggle for a better life p.28 – p.71. There is a short discussion about the child abuse when she reviews ‘The Causes of Clare’s Struggle’, especially in ‘Her Family Life’ section. Quite in opposition to the two previous studies, this study will discuss and analyze the perpetrators more. There will be greater concern on the perpetrators instead of on the victim, as it is essential to first understand the perpetrators in order to understand the abuse and the reasons behind the abuse.

B. Review of Related Theories

This section deals with theories that are suitable for analyzing the work in this study. The theories that are going to be presented in this study are: theory of critical approach, theory of character and characterization, theory of child abuse and theory of motivation. Besides reviewing the theories, the writer will also review several previous studies related to the topic andor the novel being discussed in this study. These theories and previous studies are very useful to establish the descriptions of Carmen, Eastman, and Georgie Porgie; and the kinds of abuses they had done to Clare and their motivations behind those abuses. 12

1. Critical Approach

In analyzing a literary work, a novel for instance, we could use certain approaches as basis in understanding the literary work, and furthermore help to make the analysis clear and understandable. Rohrberger and Woods Jr., in Reading and Writing about Literature 1971 said that in order to understand and apprehend the aesthetic values of literary work, the critical approach should be applied p.3. The critical approach is divided into five approaches to analyze a work of literature. Those are “formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, psychological approach” p.6. The first one is the formalist approach, “this approach concerns with demonstrating the harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole and with pointing out how meaning is derived from structure and how matters of technique determine structure” p.6. The formalist approach focuses on examining the object to the literary study itself and the beauty of art in it. The second approach is the biographical approach, “this approach asserts the necessity for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of the literary object” p.8. Therefore, it puts an emphasis on the author’s life and background to get a good understanding about a certain literary work because often, the literary work produced by the author is based on the author’s life experiences. The author might share hisher life experience to the reader.