12 Coates 1993:29 simply defines the term of root, base, and stem. He states
that root is a morpheme on which the rest of a word is built, base is any structure to which an affix may be added, and stem is any base to which a grammatical affix may
be added. He also states that there are two kinds of affixes, lexical affixes which are formed separated from dictionary word by being attached to bases and grammatical
affixes which add grammatical meanings to the meaning of their stems. Based on that view, it is concluded that all roots are bases. Bases are called stem only in the
context of inflectional morphology.
2.3. Morphemic Analysis
Parera 1988:18 states that “proses morfemis adalah proses pembentukan
kata bermorfem jamak b aik derivatif maupun inflektif.” This process is meant and
functioned as the complement of lexical meaning which is possessed by a base form. Generally the morphemic processes are divided into some process, such as affixation,
reduplication, internal change, conversion, suprasegemental morphemic inflection and derivation, etc.
2.3.1. Affixation
The affixation is the process generally used in language, even in morphemic process. Parera 1988:18 states that affixation is the morphemic process that occurs
if a bound morpheme is added to the free morpheme or in other words, affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme into base form. Based on the position of
bound morpheme towards free morpheme, the affixation processes are divided into three parts.
13 1.
Prefix Prefix is the affixation process that happens if the bound morpheme is
added in front of base form or free morpheme of word. For example, “un- ”, “re-”, “de-”, “im-” in words
un
happy,
re
built,
de
activate,
im
mortal. 2.
Suffix Suffix is the process of affixation that happens if bound morpheme is
added in the end of the free morpheme or base form. For example, “-s”, “- ion”, “-ish”, “-er”, “-ly”, “-ful”, “-est” in words book
s
, delegat
ion
, child
ish
, farm
er
, ful
ly
, beauti
ful
, and high
est
. 3.
Confix Confix is the process of affixation in which the affixation is divided by
the bound morpheme. For example, “un-ly”, “ir-able”, “im-ity” in words “
un
easi
ly
”, “
ir
replace
able
”, “
im
mortal
ity
”. 4.
Infix Infix is the process of affixation in which the bound morpheme is added
in the middle of free morpheme. In English, there is no infix process in word formation, but in Bahasa Indonesia the process still exists. For
example, “-em”,“-el”, and “-er” in words g
em
uruh, t
el
unjuk, g
er
igi.
2.3.2. Internal Change
Parera 1994:19 states that “pergantian internal adalah sebuah proses dimana
sebuah morfem dasar bebas dapat mengalami perubahan dalam tubuhnya sendiri dengan adanya pergantian salah satu unsur fonemnya baik konsonan, vocal maupun
cirri-ciri suprasegmental nada, tekanan, durasi, dan sendi. ” For example, the words
foot fut and feet fiyt are the form that have different meaning because of the changing of u with iy in foot fut singular and feet fiyt plural.
14
2.3.3. Reduplication
