41
The list above shows that the pronunciation of the base ended with m does not change when receiving the suffix {-ful}. It can be proven in the word
shame that is pronounced as ʃeɪm. When the suffix {-ful} attaches to this word,
the last phoneme m is still pronounced. It means that there is no alteration of pronunciation in the base ending with m.
xi. The Bases Ending with ɪ
The last base that can be attached to the suffix {-ful} having one word is the base ending with phoneme
ɪ. The datum is presented below.
cheer t ʃɪr
cheerful t
ʃɪəfl
The base cheer t
ʃɪr, its pronunciation changes into tʃɪəfl when the suffix {-ful} attaches to the base. There is an insertion of schwa
ə when the base is attached to the suffix {-ful}. Thus, the pronunciation of cheerful is pronounced
as t ʃɪəfl, not tʃɪr.
xii. The Bases Ending with d
The suffix {-ful} also attaches to the base ending with phoneme d. There is only one base attached to the suffix {-ful} ending with d. The data is written
below. hand hænd
handful
ˈhændfʊl The data mentioned above shows that there is a different pronunciation of
the suffix {-ful}. The suffix {-ful} will be pronounced as f ʊl when the base
ended with d. In short, when the suffix {-ful} is attached to the noun bases in order to change the words into nouns, the different pronunciation occurs in the
42
suffix {-ful} from fl into f ʊl. Consequently, the base hand hænd, which is a
noun, is pronounced as ˈhændfʊl rather than ˈhændfl.
xiii. The Bases Ending with l
The suffix {-ful} also attaches to the base ending with l. There is only
one word. Below is the datum.
Skill sk ɪl
skillful ˈskɪlfl
Based on the datum mentioned above, when the suffix {-ful} attaches to the base ending with l, there is no alteration of the pronunciation of the base and
the suffix {-ful}. The base skill is still pronounced as sk ɪl after attached to the
suffix {-ful}. Therefore, sk ɪl + fl is pronounced as ˈskɪlfl.
xiv. The Bases Ending with eɪ
The base ending with phoneme e ɪ also only has one datum. The datum is
listed below.
play ple ɪ
playful ple
ɪfl Similar to the base ending with
ʊə, when the suffix {-ful} attaches to the base ending with e
ɪ as seen above, it can be added to the suffix {-ful} directly without change any pronunciation. Thus, there is no alteration of the
pronunciation of the word play after and before the suffixation.
xv. The Bases Ending with ə
The base of the suffix {-ful} ending with phoneme
ə rarely occurs based on the data collection. The occurrence of it is only one word. The word is as
follows. wonder
ˈwʌndər
wonderful ˈwʌndəfl PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
43
The base wonder has the phoneme ə as the final sound. When it is
attached to the suffix {-ful}, the word becomes wonderful that is pronounced as ˈwʌndəfl. The base form of the suffix {-ful}, the -fl follows directly without
changing its form.
xvi. The Bases Ending with z
According to the data, the base ending with z only has one datum. The word is shown as follows.
use juːz
useful
juːzfl
As the datum above, the base use becomes useful. It shows that the base ending with z has no alteration of each pronunciation at all. In other words,
juːz + fl change into
juːzfl. It is concluded that the attachment of the suffix {-ful} is directly added to the base use without any modification.
B. The Functions of the Suffix {-ful}
The suffix {-ful} is recognized as the bound morpheme and the base that comes from a noun is also recognized as the free morpheme. In other words, the
suffix {-ful} belongs to the derivational morpheme because the suffix {-ful} changes the part of speech that comes from a noun which turns into an adjective
or a noun. The suffix {-ful} has three functions. The first one is to change nouns into adjectives. The second one is to change nouns into nouns. The last is to
change verbs to adjectives. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
44
Table 16. The Functions of the Suffix {-ful} Lexical
Category Frequency
Change form Percentage
Noun Noun to Adjective
38 90.4
Noun to Noun 2
4.8 Verb
Verb to Adjective 2
4.8 Total
42 100
The table above shows that the data which are attached to the suffix {-ful} are forty two words. There are three functions of the suffix {-ful} in forming new
lexical category. The first function is to form adjectives from nouns. The number of them is thirty eight bases. The first function which changes noun into adjective
commonly occurs in the suffix {-ful}. The second function is to form nouns to nouns. It is only about 4.8 from all the data. The third function is the change
verbs into adjectives. The occurrence of the third function is similar to the second function,
which is only appears in two words. Besides, the percentage of the third function and the second function are also the same. It is only about 4.8 . Therefore, the
second function and third function are quite less productive in the suffix {-ful}. For the sake of deeper analysis about the functions of the suffix {-ful}, the
researcher examines based on the lexical category of the words before and after the suffixation of the suffix {-ful}. Nevertheless, there is particular change in
analyzing the functions of the suffix {-ful}. It is proven in the second function of the suffix {-ful} in which changes nouns into nouns. There is no alteration in the
part of the speech of the words handful and plateful when the bases receiving the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
45
suffix {-ful}. The difference is shown in the meaning of the words hand and handful. It means, there is any change in the terms of lexical category and there is
also particular meaning in the terms of the meaning. Therefore, the suffix {-ful} is still considered as derivational suffix. It can be seen through the examples below.
1. From Nouns N to Adjectives Adj
1 Art
N +
-ful Artful
A 2
Beauty N +
-ful Beautiful
A 3
Care N +
-ful Careful
A 4
Duty N +
-ful Dutiful
A 5
Faith N +
-ful Faithful
A 6
Fear N +
-ful Fearful
A 7
Hurt N +
-ful Hurtful
A 8
Joy N
+ -ful
Joyful A
9 Mercy N
+ -ful
Merciful A
10 Pity N
+ -ful
Pitiful A
As the data mentioned above, it shows that the adjectives artful, beautiful, careful, dutiful, faithful, fearful, hurtful, joyful, merciful, and pitiful come from the
nouns art, beauty, care, duty, faith, fear, hurt, joy, mercy and pity. The examples 1
– 10 show the lexical categories of the bases, which is a noun. It means that the suffix {-ful} has a function to form nouns into adjectives. Quirk et al. 1972:
996 state that “the suffix {-ful} is used to form chiefly abstract nouns into gradable adjectives”.
46
Quirk et al. 1980: 60 also define that “there are two main classes of
noun. The first is abstract noun. Other than abstract nouns, there is also concrete nouns”. An abstract noun is a noun that people cannot sense. It refers to the
concept, emotion, feeling, idea, and quality. An abstract noun has no physical existence. People cannot see, hear, touch, smell or taste something. The opposite
of an abstract noun is a concrete noun. Plag 2003: 96 explicates that “the suffix {-ful} is typically attached to
abstract nouns, as in beautiful, purposeful, and tactful ”. From the whole data, the
researcher classifies that the whole bases of the suffix {-ful} belong to an abstract noun. For examples, the bases such as beauty and fear show human qualities or
characteristics which belong to abstract nouns. Several examples of the feeling or emotion are hate, help, hurt, joy, pain, peace and power. Furthermore, faith and
thought are the concept or idea. The categorization of emotion and idea is classified as an abstract noun.
Considerably, based on the data above, all bases of the suffix {-ful} such as art, beauty, care, duty, faith, fear, hurt, joy, mercy, and pity are considered as
abstract nouns. Those bases cannot be seen, smelt, tasted, heard, and touched. If something belongs to
an abstract noun, people‟s five senses which are sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch cannot detect it. In other words, something that is
abstract exists only in people‟s mind and it is still considered as a noun that can be used as a subject or an object in a sentence.
The functions of the suffix {-ful} are not only forming noun bases into adjective words but also forming noun bases into noun words. Based on the data,
47
this study has two words which form nouns from noun bases. It can be observed from the following examples.
2. From Nouns N to Nouns N
1 Hand
N +
-ful Handful
N 2
Plate N
+ -ful
Plateful N
In the word handful, the base hand is classified as the noun base. It turns into handful when it is added to the suffix {-ful}. Another word is plate as the
noun base, which changes into plateful after attached to the suffix {-ful}. According to
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition 2015, hand and handful are countable nouns because they can be
counted. Besides, plate and plateful are also categorized as countable nouns
because they can be counted. It means that when a base is categorized as countable noun and is added to the suffix {-ful}, the result of suffixation process
is still categorized as a countable noun. It can be concluded that there is no alteration in the part of speech of the word handful and plateful. The alteration
occurs in the meanings of the bases and the words after receiving the suffix {-ful}. The explanation above is strengthened by the theory from Quirk et al.
They 1972: 996 state that “the suffix {-ful} is usually used to form countable noun into countable noun”. Therefore, the base hand + {-ful} which becomes
handful is still categorized as a countable noun. This case is also similar to this base. The base plate and the word plateful after suffixation are also countable
nouns. The word plateful is formed by the noun base plate + {-ful}. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
48
The last function is to change verbs to adjectives. Based on the data collection, there are two words which form verbs into adjectives. Below are the
data examples taken from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway and also reinforced with
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Seventh Edition 2005. According to Quirk et al. 1972: 1553,
they mention that the suffix {-ful} sometimes combines with the verb base such as forget.
3. From Verbs V to Adjectives Adj
1 Resent
V +
-ful Resentful
Adj 2
Forget V
+ -ful
Forgetful Adj
The data above show that resent and forget are the words with verb as the bases. It means that the suffix {-ful} has the functions to form adjectives from
verbs. The verb bases that the suffix {-ful} transitive or intransitive verbs. There are two classifications of verbs. The first one is a transitive verb and the second
one is an intransitive verb. The transitive verb is the verb that needs an object in order to fulfill a sentence, whereas the intransitive verb does not need an object,
but it needs a subject. In this study, the base resent applies a transitive verb type because it needs
an object to create the appropriate sentence. The verb resent needs the closure of the local school as the object in the sentence People still resent the closure of the
local school. It would become imperfect sentence if the sentence were only People resent because there is nothing that receives the action or resent. The same
thing is also applied to the word forget. In the sentence, he forgets your name, the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
49
word forget has the phrase your name as an object. It does not make sense to have the verb forget without any object. It can be understood that the verbs forget and
resent are transitive verbs because an object receives the action of the verb as a transitive verb. In short, the transitive verb cannot stand without an object.
C. The Morphophonemic Processes that Occur in Words Attached to the
Suffix {-ful}
The morphophonemic process is the process which shows a phonological process that is affected by a morphological process. Besides, the morphophonemic
process is a branch of morphology. It deals with the variation in the form of morpheme because of the phonetic feature. The existence of morphophonemic
process changes the sound or pronunciation of a word. It can also change the phoneme of the morphemes.
The researcher uses the International Phonetics Alphabet IPA to complete this analysis in examining the morphophonemic process. Therefore, the
IPA is needed for analyzing the morphophonemic process. The IPA of the data in this undergraduate thesis is taken from Ox
ford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition 2015.
The phoneme r in the IPA‟s words written in the dictionary is not always pronounced. It is because the phoneme r can be
categorized as a silent phoneme depending on its position. The example is in the word closure
ˈkləʊʒə
r
. The phoneme r is not pronounced since it is in the final position. Another example is in the word mercy
ˈmɜː
r
si in which the phoneme PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
50
r is not pronounced as it is placed before a consonant. In other words, the phoneme r is optional whether it can be pronounced or not.
In this study, the researcher figures out that there are some morphophonemic processes. Segment insertion and vowel change are the kinds of
morphophonemic processes occurring after the suffixation of the suffix {-ful}. Each process is elaborated separately.
1. Vowel Change
Vowel change is categorized as one kind of the morphophonemic processes. When there is a change of one vowel to another vowel, it is called as a
vowel change. In this case, the researcher figures out some words to be discussed. There are six words experiencing the vowel change after they are attached to the
suffix {-ful}. Here are the data.
Table 17. Vowel Change No.
Vowel Change Example
1 i into ɪ
ˈbjuːti ˈbjuːtɪfl
ˈduːti ˈdjuːtɪfl
ˈmɜːrsi ˈmɜːsɪfl
ˈpɪti ˈpɪtɪfl
2 ɑ into æ
rɑθ ˈræθfl
From the table above, it shows that there are two kinds of vowel changes that ensues after the suffixation of the suffix {-ful}. The first is the alteration of
the vowel i to the v owel ɪ. The second is the alteration of the vowel ɑ to the
vowel æ. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
51
The data above prove that there is a vowel change occurring in the words attached to the suffix {-ful}. The words beautiful, dutiful, merciful, and pitiful
show the same alteration, from i to ɪ. The next alteration can be perceived in
the word wrathful . The vowel ɑ changes to æ when the base wrath rɑθ is
attached to the suffix {-ful} that becomes wrathful ˈræθfl.
a. The i into ɪ Change
The first vowel change that occurs in the base attached to the suffix {-ful} is an alteration from i into
ɪ. There are four words experiencing this process. The data are listed as follows.
Table 18. Vowel Change from i into ɪ
No. Vowel Change
Base IPA
Word IPA
1 i into
ɪ Beauty
ˈbjuːti beautiful
ˈbjuːtɪfl 2
Duty ˈduːti
dutiful ˈdjuːtɪfl
3 Mercy
ˈmɜːrsi merciful
ˈmɜːsɪfl 4
Pity ˈpɪti
pitiful ˈpɪtɪfl
There are four data that undergo the vowel change from i into ɪ. The
base beauty ˈbjuːti has the vowel i in the final position. Then, it changes into
the vowel ɪ in the word beautiful ˈbjuːtɪfl. The similar thing also happens to the
bases duty ˈduːti and mercy ˈmɜː
r
si. Those words also have the vowel i in their final positions which are changed into
ɪ after receiving the suffix {-ful}. Therefore, the words dutiful and merciful
are pronounced as ˈdjuːtɪfl and ˈmɜːsɪfl instead of ˈdjuːtifl and ˈmɜːsifl.
There is an alteration in the final sound of the bases when it receives the suffix {-ful}. The vowel i as a front high tense vowel changes into
ɪ as a front high lax vowel. This alteration alters the pronunciation of the bases and the words.
52
It is caused by the feature changing of each phoneme. This rule can be stated as follows.
V [+high, -back, +tense] V [+high, -back, -tense] __ [-voiced, +labiodental]
b. The ɑ into æ Change
The last vowel change that occurs in the base attached to the suffix {-ful} is an alteration from
ɑ into æ. It is similar to the previous part which only has one datum. The datum is as follows.
Table 19. Vowel Change from ɑ into æ
No. Vowel Change
Base IPA
Word IPA
1 ɑ into æ
wrath rɑθ
wrathful ˈræθfl
The change of ɑ into æ occurs in the word wrathful which is
pronounced as ˈræθfl. After the additional of the suffix {-ful}, the vowel ɑ in the base wrath
rɑθ is changed into the vowel æ. Consequently, the word wrathful is pronounced as
ˈræθfl, not rɑθfl. From this discussion, it can be revealed that the alteration of vowel change is the vowel
ɑ turns into æ when the base is attached to the suffix {-ful}. However, this alteration only happens in
one base which is wrath. To sum up, the vowel change in the base wrath from
ɑ into æ undergoes the alteration of features when attached to the suffix {-ful}. The vowel change is
from a back vowel into front vowel. The rule of vowel change is stated use the phonological notations. Here are the following phonological notations.
V [-high, +back, +tense] V [-high, +front, -tense] __ [-voiced, +labiodental]
