Review of Related Studies

8 {-ful} follow either a concrete noun or an abstract noun. It is also similar to the suffix {-age} that can follow either a concrete noun or an abstract noun. The difference from the study that is conducted by Prasetya and this study are the functions of the suffixes. The previous researcher identifies that the functions of suffix {-age} change a verb to a noun, a noun to a noun, and adverb to a noun, whereas the suffix {-ment} only has one function that changes a verb to a noun. Compared to this study, the researcher only focuses on the functions of the suffix {-ful}. The second related study is taken from Maharani’s undergraduate thesis 2000. This study discusses the bases receiving the suffix {-cy} and the allomorphs of the suffix {-cy}. As a result, the suffix {-cy} is a derivational suffix that mostly attaches to adjective bases although it also attaches to noun and verb bases. It can be concluded that this study analyzes the bases receiving the suffix {- cy}. In addition, this study argues that the suffix {-cy} represents two allomorphs namely {-ancy} and {-ency}. This study is closely related to the previous study. In the beginning, the present study starts with the distribution of suffix {-ful}, which is related to the analysis of the base. This study also examines the base that can be combined by the suffix {-ful}. Furthermore, from the analysis of the bases, there is a similarity shared by both studies which lies on the objective. Both studies aim to find out the bases that mostly attach to the suffixes {-ful} and {-cy}. The third related study is from Setyorini’s undergraduate thesis 2005. Setyorini analyzes the function and the morphophonemic processes of the suffix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 9 {-al} by using some theories, such as theories of morpheme and morphophonemic processes. The data in this study are taken from Corpus Morphology and Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language. After conducting this study, Setyorini finds out that the suffix {-al} forms a noun to an adjective class. In other words, the suffix {-al} attaches to the noun bases. She also identifies the morphophonemic processes that occur in the suffix {-al}. In the morphophonemic processes, she discovers there are two phonological changes. The first change is a stress shift and the second is a consonant change. For instance, the process of stress shift is shown in the word government + {-al} which becomes govern mental. The primary stress is moved to the penultimate syllable when the word government attached to the suffix {-al}. The focus of the present study is rather different from Setyorini’s. This present study focuses on the suffix {-ful} since the function of suffix {-ful} is to form an adjective. Whereas, the previous study only focuses on the suffix {-al} as an adjective suffix. The suffix {-ful} is not discussed in the previous study even though the suffix {-ful} belongs to the adjective suffix. Moreover, this present study is different from the previous study since the subjects of each study are different. The previous researcher uses Corpus Morphology and Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language as the object of her study. On the other hand, the present researcher takes some data from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway as the object of this present study. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 10 Other than differences, Setyorini’s study is supportive to the present study because of the similarity. The similarity lies on how the distribution of the suffix {-al} occurs. Besides, the discussions of morphophonemic processes are also elaborated in these two studies. In the present study, the morphophonemic processes are analyzed in the next chapter. Another related study is from Hananto’s thesis 2015. This study argues that the suffix {-ive} is a derivational suffix having the function to create an adjectival word. Based on the lexical category, the bases of the suffix {-ive} are verbs and nouns. However, most of the bases are verbs. After examining Hananto’s study, there is a similarity and difference found among these two studies. From the explanation above, based on their function, the suffixes {-ful} and {-ive} form the adjectival words. In addition to that, the suffixes {-ful} and {-ive} are categorized as adjectival suffixes. Although they have the same function in order to create adjectival words, they are different in the acceptance of the bases. The suffix {-ful} is mostly from a noun bases while the suffix {-ive} is mostly from a verb bases. The improvement of all the studies can be seen through the researcher’s findings in this study. All of the studies above have not analyzed the adjectival suffix. Therefore, by discovering the meaning and function of the adjectival suffix, this study aims to improve all of the studies above. In order to develop this study, the researcher uses some related studies which more or less have similarities and relevance to the topic. 11

B. Review of Related Theories 1.

Morphology O’Grady, Dobrovolksky, and Aronoff defines morphology as “the system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation” 1989: 4. Another theory is from Bauer, morphology is “the study of words and their structure” 2003: 3. As understanding those theories, the researcher concludes that morphology is a sub-branch of linguistics that deals with the internal structure of words. In short, morphology relates to the word formation. By applying theories of morphology in this study, the researcher is able to recognize how to identify morphemes and their distribution in forming words. Therefore, morphology is used to strengthen the object of this study.

a. Morpheme

O’Grady and John Archibald define a morpheme is a smallest language element that contains information about meaning or function 2010: 116-117. Another theory is taken from Kreidler, he state that morpheme are the minimal units of language 1989: 13. For instance, the words big, run, green, unhappy, quickness, and sadness are morphemes. Some words such as big, run, and green only contain one morpheme while the words such as unhappy, quickness, and sadness are the words contain more than one morpheme. Akmajian et al. 2001: 18 state that “morphemes are futher categorized into two classes: free morpheme and bound morphemes. A free morpheme can stand alone as an independent word, such as word tree.” It means that a free 12 morpheme can stand alone as an independent word. Meanwhile, a bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot stand alone. It must be attached to another morpheme in forming a word. On the other hand, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to another element. Based on the definition, it can be referred that a bound morpheme cannot stand independently. It must be followed by a free morpheme.

b. Derivational Morpheme

In explaining about the derivational morpheme, O’Grady et al. state that derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme that creates a new word with a new meaning 2010: 122. In other words, when a morpheme is attached to a base, it changes the meaning and the lexical category of the new word. For instance, the base work which is a verb. It is changed into adjective when the base receiving the suffix {-er} so that it becomes the word worker.

c. Affixation

According to Dwijatmoko 2003: 9 affixation is “the addition of an affix prefix, infix, and suffix to a base to form a new word”. He mentions that there are three types of affixes that are prefix, infix, and suffix. It short, the affixes can be divided into some types depending on the position of an affix attached to the base.

i. Suffix

According to O’Grady and Guzman, a suffix is “an affix that is attached to the end of its base is termed a suffix” 1989: 7. Another theory is mentioned by