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morpheme can stand alone as an independent word. Meanwhile, a bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot stand alone. It must be attached to
another morpheme in forming a word. On the other hand, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be
attached to another element. Based on the definition, it can be referred that a bound morpheme cannot stand independently. It must be followed by a free
morpheme.
b. Derivational Morpheme
In explaining about the derivational morpheme, O’Grady et al. state that derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme that creates a new word with a new
meaning 2010: 122. In other words, when a morpheme is attached to a base, it changes the meaning and the lexical category of the new word. For instance, the
base work which is a verb. It is changed into adjective when the base receiving the suffix {-er} so that it becomes the word worker.
c. Affixation
According to Dwijatmoko 2003: 9 affixation is “the addition of an affix prefix, infix, and suffix to a base to form a new word”. He mentions that there
are three types of affixes that are prefix, infix, and suffix. It short, the affixes can be divided into some types depending on the position of an affix attached to the
base.
i. Suffix
According to O’Grady and Guzman, a suffix is “an affix that is attached to the end of its base is termed a suffix” 1989: 7. Another theory is mentioned by
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O’Grady and Archibald 2010: 120, an affix that is placed in the last position of the base is called as a suffix. In short, suffix is a morpheme added to the end of
the base to create a new word. Some examples of suffixes in English are -ness in ‘happiness’, -ize in ‘winterize’, and -al in ‘national’. Therefore, the theory of
suffix is needed to be discussed since the object of this study is the suffix {-ful}.
ii. Infix
O’Grady and Archibald 2010: 120 state that an infix is one type of affixes which is placed in the middle of a base. Another theory is taken from
Crystal. He defines that “infix is a term used in morphology referring to an af fix
which is added within a root or stem” 2008: 243.
iii. Prefix
According to O’Grady and Guzman 1989: 138, a prefix means an affix which is attached before a base word. In short, a prefix is an affix added to the
front or beginning of the root word to change the meaning. An instance is in the
word un-important. The prefix –un modifies the meaning of unimportant into
negative meanings. The other examples of the prefix are the words impossible, release, and irregular.
2. Noun Categories
According to Hurford, abstract nouns are common nouns that characteristically refer to abstraction such as activities,
virtues, forces, emotions, vices, times, professions, and religions. It can be concluded that abstract nouns are immaterial things. Another type is
concrete noun which is the opposite of abstract noun. It refers to the material things that can be experienced with the senses 1995: 30-32.
