20
2. Concept of Meaning
According to the Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure every linguistic signs consist of two components, they are signified, and the sign that will be given a
meaning. It is a kind of concept or thoughtreference from a certain sign, and the second is signifier, the sign that will have sound component and concept meaning
component.
13
Another definition of meaning according to Ogden and Richard can be illustrated as a triangle,
14
as follows: Thoughtreference
Symbol referent
According to that triangle, Ogden and Richard say that there is no direction link between symbol and referent. The link is via thought or reference, the concept of our
minds.
15
The symbols of this curse are the linguistic elements- the word, sentences, etc. The referent is the object, etc. and the thought or reference is a concept.
Semantics does not only explain about concept of meaning from communication system, but also it explains concept of meaning from lexical and grammatical side
known as lexical and grammatical meanings. The first, lexical meaning or dictionary-meaning is a meaning that is composed of smaller meaningful parts, or it
13
F. R. Palmer op.cit, p.5
14
Ibid, p. 26
15
Ibid
21 is the meaning from dictionary directly.
16
For example, the word `tables` has a definite meaning, besides table has reference as a noun. The lexical meaning based on
Advanced Dictionary in English Language, table is a piece of furniture that consists of a flat top supported by legs. Thus, semantic meaning or lexical meaning is the real
description about a concept of meaning. The second, grammatical meaning is a meaning caused by grammatical process such as process of affixes, reduplication and
composition. For example, go- going- gone, have gone, etc. Different languages have some different grammatical systems.
17
3. Non- literal Meaning.
Non- literal meaning of language in semantics is traditionally called Figurative Language and is described by a host of rhetorical terms including metaphor, irony,
metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole and litotes.
18
Sometimes non- literal meaning describes untrue or impossible terms in order to achieve some special effects. On closer examination, it is difficult to draw a firm
line between literal and non- literal uses of language. One of the ways of language change is by the speaker meaning to shift the meaning of words to fit new conditions.
One shift is by metaphorical extension, where some new ideas are depicted.
16
Charlaes W. Kreidles, Introducing English Semantics, New York: Rout ledge , 1998, p. 49
17
Ibid, p. 50
18
John I Seed, Semantics , Blackwell: Australia, 2003, p. 15
22 Example:
• I’m hungry.
• I’m thirsty
• I could eat the horse.
• I can run out the river through my throat.
The examples above are few samples from semantics and figurative language. If the underlined sentences are seen from the lexical meaning, it will be getting the
different meaning, because, the sentences ”I could eat the horse” and “I can run out the river through my throat” are categorized as Hyperbole form or figurative form.
B. Stylistic 1. Definition of Stylistics
Kategori