The grice’s cooperative principle in transcript of beyoncé interview on piers morgan tonight

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanity Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata 1

Ilham Putra NIM: 1110026000096

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

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and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2014.

By Grice’s theory of cooperative principle, this thesis is aimed at identifying the kind types of non-observance that occur in the utterances and to know the meaning behind the utterances of the interviewer (Morgan) and the interviewee (Beyoncé) in delivering their ideas/messages in purpose to reach an ideal communication.

The data are obtained from dialogue Piers Morgan Tonight, Interview with

Beyoncé on CNN Channel on June 27, 2011 scripts. Based on the data obtained,

there are 20 data that contained implicature, those data are required 4 kinds of maxim and 5 kinds of non-observance maxim. The findings proven that the common type of non-observance maxim occurs is opting-out the maxim, there are 45% of the data. Yet, the least type of non-observance maxim found is suspending a maxim, there is only 1% data found. It shown that the interviewer has a good communication skill to give implicit meaning on his statements; it is to gain deeper information from the interviewee.

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accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, October 2014

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gives the writer much of strength and His amazing guidance so, the writer able to accomplish all the processes of this thesis. Peace and salutation forever be given to our prophet Muhammad SAW as the greatest prophet for Muslims.

Secondly, the writer would like to express his greatest honor to his family, especially his mother, Liesye Herlina who has been fulfilling the writer’s needs and always supports in many aspects, may Allah always bless you. The most thanks is addressed to his greatest honor and thankful to his advisors, Mr. Hilmi Akmal, M.Hum and Mrs. Sholikatus Sa’diyah M.Pd, who had been fully guiding, support, and encourage the writer very well in making this thesis from the beginning until the ending. The writer will never forget about all of their kindness until the end of time.

Furthermore, the writer would like to express his honor to those who have helped him in finishing this thesis, they are:

1. Mr. Prof. Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M.Hum, as the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. 2. Mr. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd, as the Head of English Letters Department. 3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, as the Secretary of English Letters

Department.

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been accompanying him from the first semester.

Jakarta, October 2014

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LEGALIZATION ………... iii

DECLARATION ………. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ………. vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………. 1

A. Background of the Study ……….. 1

B. Focus of the Study ……… 4

C. Research Question ……… 4

D. Significance of the Research ……… 4

E. Research Methodology …..………...5

1. The Objectives of Research ………. 5

2. The Method of Research ...………..5

3. The Data Collecting Technique ………... 5

4. The Instrument of the Research ………... 6

5. The Unit Analysis ……… 7

6. Place and Time………...7

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ……….. 8

A. Previous Research ……… 8

B. Concepts………... ……….. 11

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS…….………... 20

A. The Data Description ………. 20

B. The Data Analysis ……….. 21

CHAPTER IV CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION ...……… 43

A. Conclusion ……….. 44

B. Suggestion ……….. 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...……… 46

APPENDIX…..……… 48

A. Background of the Study

As human, language is very important thing in life and it is the power that used as mean of thinking, understanding, and expressing thoughts and feelings in the society. As the tool, language plays a very important role in conversation as a social interaction instrument among people. Conversation is to communicate something which two or more participants; speaker(s) and listener(s). Speaker’s utterance then is interpreted by the listener; both of them produce and exchange meaning. How the listeners interpret the meaning that is determined by the speaker’s expression.1

As mentioned above, it may conclude that language is a form of communication that contained the messages to become an ideal communication. In pragmatics, the way to know how the speaker and the listener reach an ideal communication can be seen in Grice’s Cooperative

principle theory. According to Grice (1975), “Make your conversational

contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are

engaged”2 To reach an effective communication, people who are talking

should understand each other what they meant. But, sometimes there are

1

Clark, H & Eve V. C. Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1977). p. 437

2 _{Grice, Paul. "Logic and conversation". In Cole, P.; Morgan, J.}

Syntax and semantics. 3: Speech acts. (New York: Academic Press 1975). p. 41–58

several possibilities happen in a communication that caused misunderstanding, because what the speaker say is not suitable as required but he/she meant to say, that is what Grice named Implicature. Implicature is a component of speaker meaning that constitutes an aspect of what is meant in a speaker's utterance without being part of what is said. What a speaker intends to communicate is characteristically far richer than what she directly expresses; linguistic meaning radically underdetermines the message conveyed and understood.3

Conversational implicature is a message that is not found in the plain sense of the sentence. The hearer should be able to infer the message in the utterance by appealing to the rules governing successful conversation interaction.4 Levinson (1983) states that conversational implicature is essentially connected with certain general features of discourse, and the general features of discourse arise from the fact that if our talk exchanges are to be rational, they must consist of utterances that in some ways connected to each other.5

One part of communication that will be used in this research is interview in a talk show. Interview is a conversation between a journalist or radio or television presenter and a person of public interest, used as the basis of a broadcast or publication 6. Interview has several kinds of form,

3 _{Horn, Laurence R. “Implicature”.}

The Handbook of Pragmatics. Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward (eds). (Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005). pp.1

4

Ibid. p.3

5 _{Levinson, S. C. “Pragmatics”.}

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). p. 97 6_{http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/interview?q=interview accessed} on April 20, 2014

based on occasion. As mentioned before, one of television show that contain of an interview activity is talk show. And talk show is a chat show, especially one in which listeners, viewers, or the studio audiences are invited to participate in the discussion.7

Discourse refers to a unity of complete language that generally wider than a sentence by spoken or written8. Discourse Analysis is a discipline of the social sciences that covers a wide variety of different sociolinguistic approaches. It aims to study and analyze the use of discourse in at least one of the three ways; Language beyond the level of a sentence, Language behaviours linked to social practices, Language as a system of thought, and more often than not, all of them at once9. For this reseach is formed of transcript text that will be analyzed with discourse analysis approaches to find the context meaning

This study focuses on the transcript of Piers Morgan Tonight is a talk show on CNN that has many famous guests for interview, to gain the information about their life and issues which are common nowadays, so it is attracting any kind of viewers to know and those are famous for their pragmatics language, especially implicature. It is interested to discuss this study, because conversational implicature make us to infer what people talk especially in talk show. This study is intended to discover the types of conversational implicature used by the interviewees.

7

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/talk-show?q=Talkshow accessed on April 20, 2014

8 _{Cutting, Joan, “Pragmatics and Discourse”, (London: Routledge, 2002) p. 1} 9

B. Focus of the Study

This research focused on discourse and moreover on maxims of Cooperative Principle that are not observed to generate conversational implicatures and to describe the meaning in dialogue on Piers Morgan

Tonight, Interview with Beyonceon CNN Channel on June 27, 2011.

C. Research Questions

Based on the focus of the study, the research questions are as follow: 1. What kind of non-observance maxims occur in the dialogue?

2. How is the non-observance of maxims generating conversational implicatures in Piers Morgan Tonight talk show an interview with Beyoncé?

3. What are the meanings of the conversational implicatures described in the dialogue?

D. Significance of the Study

The study would be as an additional contribution to pragmatics research especially in cooperative principle, an inspiration to those who are majoring English and interested in analyzing interview as the corpus. Theoretically, this research would give information about cooperative principle and show how the format of the analysis conducted.

E. Research Methodology

This study uses qualitative case study method to define intensively, holistic, description, and analysis of a single entity, phenomenon, or social unit. Qualitative case study is particularistic, descriptive and heuristic and relies heavily on inductive reasoning in handling multiple data sources.10 The data will be analyzed of the Cooperative Principle that is not observance-maxim to generate conversational implicature in the dialogue Piers Morgan Interview with Beyonce on Piers Morgan Tonight talkshow

on CNN, June 27, 2011.

1. Objective of the study

Due to the research questions above, this research intends:

a. To know the reason why the utterances can be saying as the implicatures.

b. To know the types of non-observance of the maxim of Cooperative Principle that generates conversational implicatures in the dialogue Piers Morgan Interview with Beyonce on Piers Morgan Tonight

talkshow on CNN, June 27, 2011.

c. To describe the meaning of the conversational implicatures. 2. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis

10 _{Nunan, David ”Research Methods in Language Learning” (Cambridge:Cambridge} University Press, 1992) p. 77

This research uses bibliography research method. Bibliography method is using written sources to gain the data.11 Data gained by using data card which to the Grice’s Cooperative Principle. In this research the data are collected by following steps:

a. Read the transcript text.

b. Give mark on the utterance that might be contained conversational implicature.

c. Write the data gained onto a data card in the order to number the dialogue.

After the data has been collected, the next step is the data analysis it is to gain the specific data that concerned to analyze. The steps run as follows:

a. Categorize and descripting the utterances to maxim of Cooperative Principle.

b. Descripting the meaning of the conversational implicatures. c. Make conclusions based on description analysis.

3. Instrument of the research

This research uses data cards as instrument of research to identify, and classify the data which are needed from the interview transcript. Then the data contained the non-observance of Grice’ Cooperative Principle maxim are analyzed.

11 _{Subroto, Edi, ”Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural” (Surakarta:Sebelas} Maret University Press, 1992) p. 77

4. Unit Analysis

This research is conducted by explanatory descriptive analysis, used Grice’s theory cooperative principle. The unit analysis in this research is the interview Piers Morgan with Beyoncé on Piers

Morgan Tonight talk show, June 27, 2011 on CNN. Piers Morgan

Tonight is a talk show on CNN that was hosted by Piers Morgan. 12

The data gained using bibliography technique, to find the utterances that contain of implicatures. Then, they are identified to what kind of the maxim formed, what non-observance maxim occur, and to find what the implicatures are and how the implicatures happen. The reason why this corpus chosen, because talk show is an interactive and it is a natural conversation, furthermore, it is interesting of brings up the famous celebrity in the world. Data gained in this research are 20 data.

5. Place and Time

This research is conducted in several libraries in Jakarta, such as State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, University of Indonesia, and Atma Jaya Catholic University in May - September 2014 during the 8th semester of study.

CHAPTER 2

THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

A. Previous Researches

In purposed to develop and complete this research about implicature, here are several related previous researches. These are purposed to know how the research will be applied:

he first research was done by Irma B. Pakpahan from Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia in 2012. Entitled: “An Analysis of Conversational Implicature in Smart FM’s Radio Talk Shows”. It concerning about the two types of conversational implicature, namely: generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature and the dominant one used in Smart FM’s Radio talk shows. It took fifty eight conversations which were on air from April 3rd until 24th 2012. It is conducted by using qualitative descriptive design and has 3 researches question that lead to find the types of conversational implicature, the dominant conversational implicature, and the dominant implication (which means analyzed semantically). The difference between the Irma’s with this research that in presented is in discourse field, to describe the meanings in the utterances.13

The second research was done by Wakhana Putri from Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia in 2011. Entitled: “An Analysis of Implicature

13 _{Pakpahan, Irma. B, Undergraduate Thesis: “An Analysis of Conversational Implicature} in Smart FM’s Radio Talk Shows”, (Medan: Faculty of Arts and Language – Integrated Studies, Universitas Negri Medan, 2012).

as Found in Transcript of Interview between Barrack Obama and Hisyam Melhem from Al-Arabiya TV”. It concerning about the implications appear during interviewing in interview Barrack Obama and Hisyam Melhem on Al-Arabiya TV. The data analyses are the responds of Barrack Obama to the questions asked. They are consisting of 9 dialogues and 21 utterances that are containing implicature. It only has on 1 research question concern in implicature (non-observance of maxim) that is “What are the implicatures that can be found in the transcript of interview between Obama and Hisyam Melhem about Moslem world and negotiations between Palestinian and Israeli”. The difference between the Wakhana’s with this research that going to presented are; this research has 3 research questions which will analyzed deeper, and in this research will be analyzed also in discourse field, to describe the meanings in the utterances.14

The third research was done by Vho Thi Thanh Thao from University of Danang, Vietnam in 2011. Entitled: “A Study of Conversational Implicatures in Titanic Film”. It concerning in the type of maxims and further about conversational analysis. Using conversational analysis to know how the implicature turns out then classify it as a conclusion in every data gained. The difference between the Vho Thi Thanh Thao’s with this research is in the technique of collecting and analysis data, because in Vho Thi Thanh Thao’s is

14 _{Putri, Wakhana, Undergraduate Thesis: “An Analysis of Implicature as Found in} Transcript of Interview between Barrack Obama and Hisyam Melhem from Al-Arabiya TV”, (Padang: Faculty of Culture – Integrated Studies, Universitas Andalas, 2011).

more concerned in conversational analysis at first, the implicature is for describe the meanings.15

The fourth research was done by Yao Xiaousu from Gent University, Belgium in 2009. Entitled: “Conversational Implicature Analysis of Humor in American Situation Comedy “Friends””. It is focused in humor’s meaning. By identifying the implicature then match up with the culture and situation. Yao’s uses politeness approach. Yet finally, it keeps on track that is in humor side. The difference between the Yao Xiaousu’s with this research going to presented is in the scope of meaning, Yao’s concerns more in humor side. While in this paper focused in any general meaning purposes with discourse approach. 16

The fifth research was done by Yuvike from Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia in 2008. Entitled: The Non-Observance of the Conversational Maxims Theory Found in Dialogue of The Crucible by Arthur

Miller. It is focused in classifying the types of maxim and its non-observance,

it also purposed to make stronger meaning in utterances consist of flouting maxims quality by metaphor and hyperbole approach because it is mostly found. The difference between the Yuvike’s with this research that going to presented is the Yuvike’s is more concerned in semantically meaning, after the Grice’s theory. It is analyzed the meaning in semantics side, using metaphor

15 _{Vho Thi Thanh Thao, Master Degree Thesis:“A Study of Conversational Implicatures} in Titanic Film”, (Danang: College of Foreign Language – Integrated Studies, University of Danang, 2011).

16 _{Xiaousu, Yao, Dissertation:}

“Conversational Implicature Analysis of Humor in American Situation Comedy “Friends”, (Ghent: Faculty of Arts and Philosophy – Ghent University, 2009).

and hyperbole’s approach. Where in this paper is intended to analyzed the meaning by pragmatic’s approach.17

Generally, after review the previous research, the difference of this research is mostly on corpus that mostly the another research used film’s scripts. The references (sources) used, and the research questions that there are 3.

These literature reviews demonstrating the strong platform and the reason why for developing a research about Grice’s theory. The gaps have been identified well, so may reinventing the wheel won’t happen. Observation has been done well, to make sure it will be a good project and especially for academic purpose.

B. Concepts

1. Discourse Analysis

In linguistics, “discourse” refers to a unity of complete language that generally wider than a sentence by spoken or written. Discourse is a compatible structure of sentence that connected one idea to the other one, one sentence to the others those are becomes a unity18. Discourse has contextual meaning, it is to identify, interpret meaning, such; interwords, intersentence,

17

Yuvike, Undergraduate Thesis:“The Non-Observance of the Conversational Maxims Theory Found in Dialogue of The Crucible by Arthur Miller”, (Jakarta: Faculty Language and Culture – Integrated Studies, Universitas bina Nusantara, 2008).

interparagraph those are must be coherent for understood by the reader/listener19.

There are definitions of discourse that many linguistics books on the subject now open with a survey of definitions. In their collection of classic papers in discourse analysis, for example, Jaworski and Coupland (1999: 1–3) include ten definitions from a wide range of sources. They all, however, fall into the three main categories noted above: (1) anything beyond the sentence, (2) language use, and (3) a broader range of social practice that includes nonlinguistic and nonspecific instances of language20.

In (Yule, 1996) Discourse analysis covers an extremely wide range of activities from narrowly focused investigation of how words such as ‘oh’ or ‘well’ are used in casual talk, to the study of dominant ideology in a culture a representative21.

A discourse can be analyzed by using pragmatics as its tools because of concerning in contextual meaning. Context is the part of meaning that can be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world, and the socio-psychological factors influencing communication, as well the knowledge of the time and place in which the wordsare uttered or written22. Typically, there are three sorts of context to observe: (1) the situational context, that is what speakers know about what they can see around them, (2) the background knowledge context, that is what the speaker and the hearer know eachother

19

Ibid. p 5

20

Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen, and Heidi E. Hamilton, “The Handbook of Discourse Analysis” (Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher, 2001) p.1

21

Ibid. p 5

22 _{Joan, Cutting, 2002.}

and the world, (3) the co-textual context, that is what they know about what they have been saying23. According to Baryadi, the relation of context in a discourse is divided into (1) the relation of discourse with the speaker, (2) the relation of discourse with the topic of utterance, and (3) the relation discourse with the hearer. Context may appears outside text. In the relation of discourse with the speaker as mentioned above, discourse can be analyzed with the Cooperative Principle that proposed by Paul. H. Grice24.

2. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. In linguistics, there are 2 field of study about meaning, there are semantics and pragmatics. Semantics and pragmatics are two main areas of linguistics that concerned at the meaning of the utterance, spoken and written. In this paper is concerned in pragmatics side, where pragmatics concentrates on those aspects of meaning that cannot predicted only based on linguistics’ rules, but also takes into account knowledge about physical, social and everything in human’s life. 25

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies a language from the external factor as a unit of meaning by depends on the language used26. There are many linguists especially that concerned in pragmatics defined the pragmatics differently. Yule (1993:3) classifies the meaning of pragmatics into kinds as follows: (1) Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning, (2) Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning, (3) Pragmatics is the study of

23

Ibid. p. 2

24

Prapto Baryadi, “Dasar-dasar Analisis Wacana”, (Jakarta: Pustaka Gondho Sali , 2002). p. 40

25 _{Jean Stilwell Peccei, “Pragmatics”, (London and NewYork: Routledge, 1999), p. 2.} 26 _{Yan Huang, “Pragmatics”,(New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 2007), p. 2.}

how to get more communicated way than what it said, (4). Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance27. Pragmatics nowaday is focused on four majors, there are: (1) speech act, (2) cooperative principle, (3) politeness, and (4) relevance theory28. In this research is concerned on cooperative principle as the main theory to be analyzed.

3. Cooperative Principle

To reach an ideal communication, it must be consists of cooperative in both the speaker and the listener. In this matter, pragmatics classifies the concept of Cooperative Principle according to the philosopher, Paul Grice. He proposed that all speakers, regardless of their cultural background, adhere to a basic principle governing conversation which he termed as the ‘The Cooperative Principle’29.

Generally, in a communication progress is possibly assumed the speaker’s articulates his utterances by intend to inform something to the opponent (listener), he expects the opponent is understand what he expected. Therefore the speaker always tries to make his utterance relevant to the context, clear and understood, concise and straightforward, so the communication running well30. As the result, Grice defined the cooperative

27 _{George Yule, “Pragmatics”}

, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p 3.

28 _{Gunarwan, Asim. “Pragmatik: Teori dan Kajian Nusantara”, (Jakarta: Penerbit} Universitas Atma Jaya, 2007) p. 2.

29 _{Jean Stilwell Peccei, 1999,}

Op. cit. p 27.

30 _{Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward, “The Handbook of Pragmatics”, (Australia:} Blackwell Publishing, 2006), p. 7

principle as making your conversational contribution as required, at the stage

at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange31.

Conversational cooperation manifests itself, according to Grice, in a number of conversational maxims, as he calls them, which we feel the need to abide by. These maxims look at first sight like rules, but they appear to be broken more often than grammatical or phonological rules are, for example, as we will see later, and this is why Grice uses the term 'maxim' rather than 'rule'32. Grice categorized the maxims into 4 maxims, they are;

(1) Maxim of quantity: Make your contribution more informative as is

required. This maxim has 2 specific maxims:

- Make your contribution as informative as is required

- Do not make your contribution more informative than is

required

(2) Maxims of quality: Try to make your contribution on that is true. Do

not make your contribution more informative than is required. This

maxim has 2 specific maxims:

- Do not say what you believe to be false

- Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence

(3) Maxim of relevance: This maxim only has 1 form of maxim, that is

- Be relevance.

(4) Maxim of manner: Be perspicuous. This maxim has 4 specific maxims:

31

Grice, H. P. “Studies in The Way of Words”, (Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1989), p 26

32 _{Grice, H. P. “Logic and conversation”. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds)}

Studies in Syntax and Semantics III: Speech Acts, (New York: Academic Press, 1975) p. 183-98.

- Avoid obscurity expression

- Avoid ambiguity

- Be brief

- Be orderly

Those names are taken from the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant (Grice1989:26). The purpose of maxims by Grice is for ensure the right amount of information is provided and the interaction is conducted in a truthful, relevant and perspicuous manner33.

The main role of these maxims is for recognize how the conversation run as well as expected, normally assumed that the speaker are telling the truth, being relevant and crystal clear meaningful without adding any subjective matters. For these maxims is a regular conversation only, many speakers maybe not do in this way34.

4. Implicature

There are many cases of breaking (non-observance) those maxims; once they occur, they lead to be implicature. Implicature is a component of speaker meaning that constitutes an aspect of what is meant in a speaker's utterance without being part of what is said. What a speaker intends to communicate is characteristically far richer than what he/she directly expresses; linguistic meaning radically underdetermines the message conveyed and understood35. Non-observance of maxims divided into 5 as;

33 _{Yan Huang, “Pragmatics”, 2007. Op. cit., p.25} 34 _{George Yule, 1996}

. Op. cit., p. 37 35 _{Laurence R. Horn.}

flouting a maxim, violating a maxim, infringing a maxim, opting out a maxim, and suspending a maxim.

Flouting a maxim is failure of maxim that said by the speaker

blatantly. Flouting of a maxim happen because, there is a clash of maxims and developed to maxim36. Development flouting a maxim may happen in 4 maxims, such as; maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner. Here is an example of flouting a maxim:

(1) A is asking B about C’s new boyfriend: A: Is he nice?

B: She seems to like him.

‘B’ could possibly answer “no”, so ‘B’ gives appropriate information as required. But, ‘B’ gives a less informative. Non-observance that ‘B’ does happen because there is a clash of maxim, maxim of quantity and maxim of quality, so that ‘B’ cannot say whether the new C’s boyfriend is good or not, so he says based on what he feels.

Violating a Maxim is an unostentatious observance. If someone does

this, he/she inclined to be lied37. As shows in the example under:

(2) There’s a husband who asks his wife that he thinks she may be having an affair:

Husband: Is there any another man? Wife: No. There is no another man.

36

Thomas, Jenny. “Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics”. (London: Longman, 1997). p. 64

37 _{Grice, H. P. “Logic and Coversation” in Peter Cole (Ed.).}

Syntax and Semantics Volume 3. (New York: Acadenic Press, 1975).

The answer of the wife is true that she is not having an affair with any another man, but it is not totally true. In fact, the wife is having an affair with another woman! Violating she did is non-observance of maxim of quantity, because she is not giving an information as required, so the husband thinks she is not guilty.

Non-observance of maxim may happen because of utterance disability. This is called infringing a maxim38. It could happen even the speaker does not mean to lie or make an implicature. The disability may because less of language knowledge (usually happen on children or foreigner or when feeling nervous, drunk, too happy) and because the speaker cannot speak clearly and brief. Sometimes, a speaker says something unclearly that may caused misunderstanding in a communication. That case is a form of opting out a maxim. Opting out a maxim is a non-observance maxim that happen by dodging and make a mislead information39. Sometime, it is also purposed to be polite or keep safe cause for the listener. Here is an example:

a. The first speaker is a caller to a radio show. The second speaker is the host, Nick Ross.

Caller: ….um I lived in uh a country where people sometimes need to flee that country.

Ross: Uh, where was that?

Caller: It’s a country in Asia and I don’t want to say no more.

38 _{Jenny, Thomas, 1997.}

Op. cit., p. 64 39

Sometimes, opting out a maxim may happen caused by an event, belief, or culture and something like that. This is also known as

suspending a maxim40. For example, in Britain, there are several people on

theatre community are avoiding to mention one of Shakespeare’s work titled Macbeth, because they believe that it would be a bad luck (unfortunate). They prefer to say it as “The Scottish Play”. Therefore, they failed to obey a maxim of quantity.

Those non-observance maxims appear when the speakers saying utterance that do not require of the 4 maxims (super maxim). The reason why the speakers do that because of their implying meaning in their utterance belong to any purposes as mentioned above regarded to the non-observance maxims. In this research will be analyze with those device, to identifying and descripting the meanings that could be possibly the fact, regarded to the contexts described.

40

CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS

A. The Data Description

Data collecting technique used in this research is bibliography study. It is using written sources to obtain the data. The steps to collect them are:

1. Downloading the transcript of on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show, interview with Beyonce on June 27, 2011 at CNN channel. It is taken from its official website www.transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/;

2. Give mark on every utterance that contains non-observance maxim (implicature).

3. Then put the marked data into data cards e.g on page 1, data 1: flouting maxim of quantity, page data 2: flouting maxim of quality, and so on. Total data obtained on data cards are 20 data. The details are shown on the tables under:

Table I: The Types of non-observance maxim on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show, interview with Beyonce on June 27, 2011 at CNN channel.

No Types of Non-Observance Maxim

Total

1 Flouting a maxim 6

2 Violating a maxim 2

3 Infringing a maxim 2

4 Opting out a maxim 9

5 Suspending a maxim 1

TOTAL 20

Table II: The maxims that unobserved on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show, interview with Beyonce on June 27, 2011 at CNN Channel:

No Unobserve of maxim Total

1 Maxim of quantity 4

2 Maxim of quality 11

3 Maxim of relevance 1

4 Maxim of Manner 4

TOTAL 20

B. The Data Analysis

The 20 obtained data are analyzed for further below:

Data 1:

Flouting a maxim of quantity

MORGAN: It's so nice of you to come all this way to London so that I could interview you in my own backyard.

BEYONCE: Yes.

BEYONCE: Had nothing to do with it. MORGAN: A coincidence.

BEYONCE: Yes, just a coincidence

These utterances formed a maxim of quantity. In the beginning of the show, Morgan was greeting Beyoncé by asking her about what Beyoncé did last night before she attended there (the talk show). She was in Glastonbury as performer which it was her first time to show up there. Morgan said the fact that Beyoncé was at Glastonbury, and he expected Beyoncé just said “yes” to verify his statement. But, Beyoncé blatantly ignore the statement which is Beyoncé unobserving maxim of quantity by saying “had nothing to do with it”. Morgan concluded Beyoncé’s answer with “coincidence” for agreeing her statement.

Beyoncé did flouting a maxim of quantity because Beyoncé gave information more than or even did not as required. These can be defined as implicature when she said “had nothing to do with it” because she knew that Morgan must be already knew what she did last night and at first she thought that she had no plan to come on the show then.

Data 2:

Flouting maxim of quantity

MORGAN: Can we expect the little patter of little Beyonce and Jay-Zs? BEYONCE: Only God knows.

MORGAN: Would you mind asking him to tell me?

BEYONCE: I will. We'll have a conversation. I'll whisper, but you can't tell anybody else.

According to the question, this dialogue formed a maxim of quantity. Morgan was asking a question that requiring ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer , yet Beyonce gave the flouted respond.

In this context, Morgan was asking Beyonce about how people’s or even his expectation to Beyonce and Jay-Z’s mariage life. The expected answer should be ’yes’ or ‘no’, but Beyonce did not, she flouted Morgan’s question. Beyonce could give an obvious and surely answer for that. Beyonce would be has to asnwer it by yes or no. Implicature happened in Beyonce’s utterance “only God knows” that she intended to be down to earth and keep her fame-image safe by not overconfidence about anything she or people may think, she could not give any promises about her marriage, just keep let it flowing.

Data 3:

Flouting maxim of quality

MORGAN: What made you think that was the right one for me.

BEYONCE: It's all about the color. It's a beautiful day, the warmest day here. MORGAN: It's the warmest day in Britain for five years. You brought the heat, lady.

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality, because regarded to the context that Morgan and Beyoncé were talking about the opinion of Beyoncé’s ‘outfit.

Morgan tried for Beyoncé understand what he meant, specifically. And again, Beyoncé gave unexpected answer. She was concerning in color and general situation. Then, Morgan was exaggerating for once again he gave a sarcasm utterance on Beyoncé but politely. Beyoncé was said about the weather in Britain, there was heat, and it is indeed. Beyoncé did flouting maxim when she said “It's all about the color. It's a beautiful day, the warmest day here”, she was just not give information as required, as Morgan expected.

The implicature occurs when Morgan said ‘warmest’ because Beyoncé was wearing an orange dress outfit, made she looked colorful; besides he intended to give a sarcasm by saying “It's the warmest day in Britain for five

years. You brought the heat, lady”. He made her like she was an ordinary

women up there, by analogical the “heat weather for 5 years”, he intended to be equal regarded to Beyoncé’s opinion about the outfit, not about the ‘diva thing’ but only the color which was nothing special.

Data 4:

Flouting maxim of quality

BEYONCE: Well, before I performed, I was so scared. I was like a leaf. Just -- I was really, really afraid. And I just had to say forget that it's 175,000 people and pretend it's just like the show you did two days ago and

you have been doing this your whole life. And just have fun. And, you know, we all got together, said our prayer. We took our breath and tried to exhale all the negativity and I just had to tell myself, I deserve it. I'm a diva. I've worked hard. And I psyched myself up, and once you hear the crowd and you get past the first couple of minutes, then it's time to rock. It's time to have a good time and enjoy it.

MORGAN: I love that phrase. I'm a diva. You say that proudly. BEYONCE: I do.

MORGAN: A lot of stars, you know, they sort of shy away, "I'm not a diva."

You love being a diva.

In this section, Morgan and Beyoncé were talking about Beyoncé’s achievements. This dialogue formed a maxim of quality, because Morgan was asking about Beyoncé’s opinion regarded to her statement.

On Morgan’s statement, he did flouting maxim of quality. As mentioned before, Morgan mostly gave his interviewee statements and question sarcastically, he intended to gain information as much as possible from his interviewee. He has a good communication skill in this.

Beyoncé was said that she is as a diva. Regarded to Morgan utterance “A lot of stars, you know, they sort of shy away, "I'm not a diva." You love being a diva.” It made an implicature by Morgan. Morgan thinks that Beyoncé was over confident or even quite arrogant to say that she is a diva, which was

why he bit teasing Beyoncé with his utterance, he tried to convince Beyoncé, she may think and say wiser or give a reason to convince him about Diva.

Data 5:

Flouting maxim of relevance

MORGAN: I've heard and you can clear up this rumor. This is a brilliant rumor, even if it's not true. If it's not true, maybe just pretend. I've heard that Jay-Z has the president on the speed dial of his cell phone. Is this true?

BEYONCE: I don't know. (LAUGHTER) MORGAN: That means it is.

BEYONCE: No, it's not. They are amazing. They are wonderful. And I have -- actually, I just worked with the first lady with the Let's Move initiative. And it was so beautiful

MORGAN: Because she's a remarkable woman. BEYONCE: She is.

This dialogue formed a maxim of relevance, because what they were talking about was about the event when Beyoncé sang in president inauguration’s ball.

Regarded to the context, they were talking about Beyoncé sang in president inauguration ceremonial. Morgan tried to convince about the rumor as mentioned before, but Beyoncé kept saying “no”. It did not mean she was lying or honest; firstly they were concerning about the Mr.

President, not his lady. But Beyoncé flouted the subject they concerning about; she said about the first lady, even indeed there was about ceremonial the First Lady. But, that was not the point of Morgan’s question. She was totally ignored the first question about Jay-Z has the president on the speed dial of his cell phone.

The implicature occurs in the utterance is on Beyonce’s utterance, when she is concerning about the first lady, she did not take any serious even she was avoiding to talked about the rumor anymore, that was why she flouted the topic to the first lady.

Data 6:

Flouting maxim of manner

MORGAN: So, what are you thinking for the outfits for me that I'm fascinated? I mean, you woke up and thought, it's Piers, it's CNN.

BEYONCE: You know, I just tried on a few dresses and I like the color. MORGAN: Come on, humor me. How many did you try on before you

thought

This dialogue formed a maxim of manner, regarded to Morgan’s question, it is obviously that he expected Beyoncé prepared the dress something diva, such as branded or special stuffs to make her shining in the occasion (on Piers Morgan Show). It was quite unexpected, because

Beyoncé only give a simple answer and concerned about the color of the dress.

It did not make Morgan really feel it, which was why he asking the specific question for Beyoncé to understand what is Morgan’s expectation by said “Come on, humor me. How many did you try on before you

thought”. Morgan did not satisfied enough about what Beyoncé said about

the outfits, he felt he had to little pushed her with something understandable by her. But she kept up with her opinion and gave unexpected answer. Regarded to Morgan utterance, it made an implicature that Morgan intended to Beyoncé to show him something awesome, something diva an such, that was he said “ come on, humor me..” it represented his feeling that he was expected more than a colorful dress of Beyoncé.

Data 7:

Violating maxim of quality

BEYONCE: But I found these incredible women and incredible background singers. And I do have men on the stage as well. I have great male dancers.

MORGAN: Washing your shoe heels for you?

Regarded to the context, they were talking about the theme “Girl Power” where she was performed at Glastonbury. This dialogue formed a

maxim of quality, because it was talking about Beyoncé’s opinion and so Morgan did his.

In previous, Beyoncé was said about how she praised female (Girl) because regarded to the theme, it made Morgan thought Beyoncé quite intimidating of male gender, by saying “washing your shoe heels for you”. Beyoncé was trying to fix her statement by appreciating the males. But it is not enough to convince Morgan to change his assumed about Beyoncé’s statement about males before. By Morgan’s respond, he was asking as if the males were not worthy enough than females. Morgan forced Beyoncé to be honest to what she says. For Morgan’s statement, he did violating maxim of manner because Morgan still keep his assumption of what Beyoncé said about males. He was quite pushed Beyoncé about what she said.

We can see about what type of host Morgan is. Morgan has a trait sarcastic; he implied it in many utterances when interviewing his interviewee. By saying “washing your shoe heels for you?” it made an implicature, because Morgan was asking question sarcastically which was actually he intended to stay with his assumption about Beyoncé’s opinion about males.

Data 8:

MORGAN: The president, what did he say? And the first lady. Did you talk to them?

BEYONCE: I did not speak to them. I wish I had it like that. But I've seen them years later.

MORGAN: I've heard and you can clear up this rumor. This is a brilliant rumor, even if it's not true. If it's not true, maybe just pretend. I've heard that Jay-Z has the president on the speed dial of his cell phone. Is this true? BEYONCE: I don't know. (LAUGHTER)

This dialogue formed a maxim of manner, regarded to Morgan’s question that requiring of information of Beyonce about the truth, but Beyonce gave an ambiguity statement.

Regarded to the context, that they were talking about the moment when Beyonce sang to the president, Barrack Obama. Beyonce was sang “At Last” in the first Obama’s inaugural ball dance at the Neighborhood Ball.41

Morgan made a rumor to make the convesation up and also tried to discover what is the fact about happening on Beyonce’s life. The rumor Morgan made sound like joke for Beyoncé. The implicature is on Beyoncé’s utterance “I don’t know" it might she could be knows or even yes, she does not know the rumor. That was she was laughed, yet it could be mean she avoiding the rumor gave by Morgan.

Data 9:

Infringing maxim of quantity

BEYONCE: But I visited, you know, the pyramids and I was able to sing at the top of the pyramids.

MORGAN: I heard you sang "Ave Maria" in one of the tombs of the pyramid and it just echoed around. What a moment.

BEYONCE: It was beautiful. And who would ever think that I'd get an opportunity to do that. I was there along with my family and –

MORGAN: Any truth to the rumor that you and Jay-Z are having joint pyramids built to be remembered? This is rumor?

BEYONCE: That's a good one

This dialogue formed a maxim of quantity, because Morgan was asking Beyoncé her agree, based on his rumor question which was required only ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer.

In this section, Morgan and Beyoncé were talking about the moment when Beyoncé was singing on pyramid months ago. Morgan just made a joke about the pyramid, in this section they are talking about pyramid where Beyoncé was singing and visited with her family. Beyoncé realized that Morgan is joking, it made she respond it by an opinion herself. So she was not answer with yes or no (quantity).

The implicature is contained on utterance “that’s a good one” by Beyoncé. Beyoncé inspired by Morgan about that idea (rumor). That was

why Beyoncé said “that’s a good one” did not mean to agree with Morgan’s rumor because it was unheard of before. She was not intended to lie, but also did not to say the truth about it. It was because she was unheard of it before, and because it was only a rumor that Morgan made up for joke.

Data 10:

Infringing maxim of manner

BEYONCE: OK. I always says I would have a baby at 30. MORGAN: I know you did.

BEYONCE: I'm 29! MORGAN: Exactly.

This dialogue formed a maxim of manner, because Beyonce was trying to give a brief information yet perspicious about her.

Regarded to the context that Morgan and Beyonce were talking abaout Beyonce’s age and maturity. Beyonce was kind of afraid to talked to Morgan. Now, Beyonce gave a statement that she would have a baby at 30 even she was still 29 at that time. Morgan agreed on her statement, he did not opting out or teasing her. But Beyonce clarifies her condition by saying “ I’m 29” because she was afraid that Morgan would teasing her. Beyonce was kinda kinky to speak, it made her did infringing maxim of manner. That was why she concerned on the age, she mentioned it again to disctinct.

Data 11:

Opting out maxim of quantity

MORGAN: Does money bring happiness to you?

BEYONCE: No. No. It brings some happiness. It bridges comfort. But

absolutely

MORGAN: I always think, if you have a lot of money, you don't have to worry about money. A lot of people in the world have to worry about money.

This dialogue should a maxim of quality, regarded to Morgan’s question that requiring an answer of something personal idea(asking an opinion) by asking “ Does money bring happiness to you?”, he expected Beyonce could fulfill that with something surprising and honest.

The context was still in a Limo heading to South Kingston. The reason why Morgan asking that question because he knew that Beyonce now is one of new millionaire for her achievements. It was quite obviously that Beyonce was opting out, she answers “no” that mean she was disagree, but then she gave a statement “It brings some happiness. It bridges comfort. But absolutely “ which as if she was agreed to say ‘yes’ to Morgan’s question. Beyonce did that because she did not intend to be arrogant, but she could not avoid about the fact that she felt good about it and to be honest about what she said.

Data 12:

Opting out maxim of quality

MORGAN:Is that what Glastonburry does to you?

BEYONCE: It’s the mud. It’s all the beautiful people. Everyone is— MORGAN:A lot of them are ugly actually.

BEYONCE: No, I love it. It's not about fashion. It's not about trying to be cool. Everyone just is cool. And that's what I love about it. It's not about your production. It's not about how many hits you have. It's about good music and everything coming from the inside and everyone has so much love and appreciation for a good performance. And, you know, I love when I cannot have to think about all the other things that are not as interesting and I can just belt out the songs and dance from the heart and I know that it's appreciated.

These utterances formed maxim of quality, because Morgan was asking Beyoncé about what was thinking about Glastonbury (the event). Glastonbury as known as a contemporary art festival held in a small town named Glastonbury, Somerset, England.42 The condition there when she performed was muddy because of the place covered with wet soil.

Beyoncé gave statement she said “Mud” she meant indeed, she had been thinking about what she experienced there. But here, Morgan was asking Beyoncé about how Beyoncé thought about the event

(Glastonbury), not about the place or condition there. That was why Morgan concerned to the people. Then, Beyoncé made the next statement by opting out it for defending by said “no, I love it”, because she has just realized that she did not give an answer as required. Beyoncé gave a quite clear opting out her opinion in the next statement after Morgan said “people there are ugly...” which actually she did not mean it.

For that, Beyoncé did opting out maxim of quality. In the utterance the implicature is when Beyoncé said “it’s the mud, it’s all beautiful people..” she tried to give information as required, but she was misleading from the focus of Morgan’s question, she intended to say about the condition there and also the people. But Morgan concerned only about the people.

Data 13:

Opting out maxim of quality

MORGAN: Quite intimidating this thing you do.

BEYONCE: No, but I definitely feel that it is my job to empower women, and I remember having this dream that my band was all females and I told my male band at the time -- I'm sorry, guys. You all are so talented but you're not women. And they all had wigs on and came to the last performance like, we can do it.

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality, where Morgan was asking Beyoncé about her opinion (by his sarcastic statement). They were talking about the theme of Beyoncé’s concert at Glastonbury last night. The theme was “Girl Power” which was Beyoncé more likely praised and rising of women.

The reason why Morgan gives a word “intimidating” is because she is indeed on her (Beyoncé) theme was Girl Power and she is. But Beyoncé opting out Morgan’s statement by says “no” yet, if we see her statement, she kept on intimidating males.

According to Beyoncé’s statement, she did opting out maxim of quality. It made the Beyoncé’s opinion (utterance) as an implicature, because she was intending to safe her good opinion from a negative assumption of Morgan. And she avoided to do not hurt males role, even she was said it misleading.

Data 14:

Opting out maxim of quality

BEYONCE: Well, I did everything. You know, I definitely enjoyed the simple things like, you know, driving and picking my nephew up from school. Traveling but not working and actually visiting museums and seeing ballets and having great conversations with people on the plane. MORGAN: Really?

MORGAN: Why do I never get to sit next to people like you on a plane? Can you let me know your schedule next time?

BEYONCE: OK. (LAUGHTER)

This dialogue formed maxim of quality, because they were talking about opinions of Beyoncé about her greatest moment in life. This is clearly that Morgan did opting out a maxim, because he was feeling suspicious of Beyoncé’s statement, he did not sure that Beyoncé gave a truthful opinion, and because she said that she is a diva. Morgan might expect something diva experience and such, that was why he said “really” to verify.

The implicature is on “really?” Morgan and Beyoncé were talking about the greatest moment in her life. Morgan quite surprised about what Beyoncé said about she enjoyed something ordinary, not being a diva. He said “really” meant to clarify it. Morgan still expecting something diva about Beyoncé, but she did not give any expected ideas.

The implicature also in the laughter, Morgan was quite joking in his utterance, but he maybe meant that. Beyoncé thought it was totally joke that was why it made they laugh. The laugh can means Beyoncé agree or even denying. It also showed that Morgan started to say it sarcastically. While him asking that question, he said it seriously, but then he laughed along Beyoncé.

Data 15:

Opting out maxim of quality

MORGAN: Occasionally, you've just got to sit back and go, you know what? My husband is a pretty cool guy.

BEYONCE: He is.

MORGAN: And he's a pretty cool guy. He was there last night supporting you. He's abandoned you with me to go to the tennis, which I'm personally quite pleased about.

BEYONCE: I'm not. No, I'm happy to be here with you.

This dialogue formed maxim of quality, because Morgan was trying to know about Beyonce’s relationship with her husband. Morgan and Beyoncé were talking about Beyoncé’s husband, Jay-Z. Morgan was teasing Beyoncé with his utterance that as if her husband not as good as she thought. Beyoncé was said that she found the first and only love on her husband Jay-Z, and said how she adore of him, he is a kind guy and such.

It is clear how Beyoncé did opting out the maxim of quality. She was really pranked by Morgan. Morgan gave a statement to lead his interview misleading of her own statement. Implicature occurs when Beyoncé keep on her opinion, that she and her husband were pleased to let Beyoncé got the interview in Piers Morgan by saying “I'm not. No, I'm happy to be here with you” Here means, Beyoncé was trying to be defendable her own opinion.

Data 16:

Opting out maxim of quality

MORGAN: It's beginning to sound a bit like your mother, which makes me think you are now heading to the right kind of time in your life – BEYONCE: I'm turning into my mom.

MORGAN: No, I didn't say that.

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality, because they were talking about the opinion of Beyonce. Morgan and Beyonce were talking about Beyonce’s age, maturity and how proud she was to her mother. Morgan tried to combined both subjects.

Morgan’s utterance was a trigger that made Beyonce feel like Morgan was meant to say she is turning like her mother, about the age, maturity and Beyonce would be like her role model. Beyonce agreed with that statement. But Morgan was opting out, he made as if she talking by herself side without any offenced.

The implicature is on utterance “no, I didn’t say that” by Morgan, showed that Morgan trying to opting out the utterance of Beyonce, as if she was telling by herself, without forced by him.

Data 17:

Opting out maxim of quality

MORGAN: It's beginning to sound a bit like your mother, which makes me think you are now heading to the right kind of time in your life –

BEYONCE: I'm turning into my mom. MORGAN: No, I didn't say that.

BEYONCE: You are trying to say I need to have a baby. MORGAN: I didn't even ask the question.

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality and still in the context that Morgan and Beyonce were talking about Beyonce’s age, maturity and how proud she was to her mother. Because this is the sequel of the previous event, Morrgan did opting out his utterace again, which is contained an implicature that Morgan act as if Beyonce let her words out by herself, without any forced by him.

Beyonce felt Morgan was forcing her to say about her maturity as she said before, that she was going to be at 30 years old in September. Morgan opting out Beyonce’s statement even he indeed meant to.

Data 18:

Opting out maxim of manner

MORGAN: The big question really, I need to ask you, is you or J.Lo? BEYONCE: Me or who?

MORGAN: Jay-Lo

This dialogue formed a maxim of manner, because Morgan was asking a question something informative about his interviewee.

Morgan and Beyoncé were in a Limo, heading to South Kingston, to visit the premiere selling album of Beyoncé there.

Morgan was tempted Beyoncé about what she thought about rivalry. But Beyoncé was surprised of Morgan’s question. She opting out the question by verifying question, it made an implicature according to her utterance, by saying “me or who?” it showed that she was surprised and she never guessed Morgan would ask that one. She is surprised and awkward to answer it.

Data 19:

Opting out of maxim quality

MORGAN: You think she's got a better booty than you?

BEYONCE: No, I'm not saying anything. I'm not comparing my booty to J-Lo's.

MORGAN: Who are the real rivals for you? Don't pretend you don't have them. Everyone needs rivals. Who are the names you look for to compare yourself to, in terms of success?

BEYONCE: Well, to be honest with you, in the past, I have always looked at my last performances and my last chart positions, and tried to figure out how I can better myself. I don't feel like I really have any -- I don't want to say rivals. There are people that I respect. There are people that I admire.

Like, I love Gaga. She's like -- not even -- more than an artist, as a human being, she's just so genuine and such a really nice person, and brilliant.

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality, because Morgan was asking about what Beyoncé think about something. He expected something personal ideas.

Regarded to the context about Morgan’s tempt to ask Beyoncé about rivalry on her opinion. Morgan tried to convince about his question and Beyoncé’s answer even he was trying to forced Beyoncé to speak controversially.

Beyoncé was opting out her answer by saying”No, I'm not saying anything. I'm not comparing my booty to J-Lo's”, she said that ashamedly, and the implicature found in this utterance. She said that because she did not want to make any rivals by comparing herself with another celebrity even for a good reason. She was trying to keep herself safe and peace because it was in public event, which everybody could see.

Data 20:

Suspending maxim of quality

MORGAN: It's the tastiest thing you'll ever eat.

BEYONCE: It's like a Popeyes chicken biscuit, my favorite. I'm supposed to be proper. I'm having tea.

MORGAN: It's pretty cool, isn't it. Isn't it nice?

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality. When Beyonce said something personal about her opinion of food she eating.

In this section, Morgan invited Beyonce to taste a Scone43. Beyonce was tasting a scone served by Morgan, scone is a creamed biscuit, it is a snack for having with a cup of tea in British culture. In America, Beyonce is a huge fan of the chicken at American food chain POPEYE'S44.

Implicature occurs while Beyonce said “it’s like Popeye chicken biscuit…” she said because that was the first time she had a scone, that was why she comparing or imagine the scone’s cream is like Popeye’s chicken biscuit in her habitual in America. Because Popeye’s Chiken is her favorite in hometown, United States of America.

43

Harper, Douglas (2001). "Scone". Online Etymology Dictionary. Dictionary.com. Sept 4th, 2014

44 http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/beyonce-too-embarrassed-to-take-free-chicken. Sept 4th, 2014

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusions

The relationship of the interviewer and the interviewee in making contributions in a conversation may affected unobservant of maxim. Both of the interviewer and the interviewee are unobserving the maxim in several ways. Based on the findings, there are 4 types of maxim and 4 non-observance of maxim. The most common maxim that found unobserved is maxim of quality. It is because, in an interview, there are many opinions might be asked and show the facts of the interviewee. And, the most common type of non-observance of maxim is opting out a maxim. As mentioned above, inobservance maxim of quality consists of opinions, and it may leads act opting out a maxim, to defend and also for keeping the image of the interviewee from unexpected questions. It shows the differential background of knowledge especially in communication skill of each participant.

There are several ways that may lead implicature, one of which is the inobservance of maxim. The inobservance maxim occurs when the speaker and the listener have different culture, mental, social and knowledge. Here, Beyoncé and Morgan have differences in culture. While Beyoncé is American, Morgan is British. Both of them deliver their message bounded by their own cultural common-sense; it might be

something personal perception, all of which can be defines as a context. To understand the communication, the participants should be aware not only utterances, but also the observance of maxim, to reach the goal as informative as required.

B. Suggestions

The researcher suggests it would be better do research using the corpora taken from daily live conversation, so it can makes something more real, analytical and absolutely will be make some real benefits for linguistic research. Theoretically, besides cooperative principle, the similar corpus can be analyzed through some theories in pragmatics, such as politeness, conversational analysis (CA), and speech act.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Websites:

http://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/ accessed September 15, 2014

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/interview?q=interview

accessed on April 20, 2014

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/talk-show?q=Talkshow

accessed on April 20, 2014

APPENDIX

Transcript : PIERS MORGAN TONIGHT (Interview with Beyoncé) Aired June 27, 2011 - 21:00 ET

PIERS MORGAN, HOST: Tonight, the superstar you've been really waiting for. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

BEYONCE: Hey, Piers, it's me. (END VIDEO CLIP)

MORGAN: Beyonce as you've never seen or heard her before. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

MORGAN: So, it's a bit embarrassing because Beyonce hasn't brought any money with her.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

MORGAN: The woman behind the legend, from Texas schoolgirl, international singing sensation, and a life with husband Jay-Z.

Beyonce, world exclusive for an intimate hour. This is PIERS MORGAN TONIGHT. (MUSIC)

MORGAN: Beyonce has won over a dozen Grammys and she may have to make room on the shelf for a few more because just hours from now, she releases her new album entitled "4" and Beyonce is with me now.

How are you?

BEYONCE: I'm so wonderful.

MORGAN: It's so nice of you to come all this way to London so that I could interview you in my own backyard.

BEYONCE: Yes.

MORGAN: And the fact that you are at Glastonbury with last night. BEYONCE: Had nothing to do with it.

MORGAN: Now, I sat and watched you. I had a couple of beers, turned on the television and watched Glastonbury. You were the first ever woman to headline at Glastonbury, an amazing achievement.

BEYONCE: Yes.

MORGAN: What was it like for you last night?

BEYONCE: Well, you know, I'm still walking on the clouds. I'm still kind of shocked. I can't believe what happened to me happened yesterday. And I think it's because I have seen Glastonbury in photographs and I've seen it, you know, when I've traveled here and on television and only amazing rock stars perform.

And it's just the coolest festival and I was able to see my husband perform there a couple of years ago. And it was one of the most exciting nights. He had a bit of controversy. And he came out and performed Oasis song and the crowd went crazy. And I thought, oh, my God, this is -- I'm just so honored to be here and prayed that one day I'd be able to do it. And three years later, I was asked to headline and be the first woman and first African-American woman --

MORGAN: That's the amazing part. Never mind any other criteria. You were the first woman to ever play at this incredible event.

BEYONCE: Yes.

MORGAN: To ever headline it.

BEYONCE: It's a little strange when you think about it, but I'm just happy that I'm the first woman. It was so many women out there and it was incredible because the men usually -- when I have them do certain parts, they are trying to be cool, but they were like just belting out the songs and everybody was just united. And --

MORGAN: Let's watch a little clip from last night and then I'll ask you your reaction to this.

BEYONCE: OK. (VIDEO CLIP PLAYS)

MORGAN: And watching that, I was struck by several things. One was the glint in your eye when you said you always wanted to be a rock star. Like you finally felt you were a proper rocker.

BEYONCE: Exactly.

MORGAN: Is that what Glastonbury does to you?

BEYONCE: It's the mud. It's all the beautiful people. Everyone is -- MORGAN: A lot of them are ugly actually.

BEYONCE: No, I love it. It's not about fashion. It's not about trying to be cool. Everyone just is cool.

And that's what I love about it. It's not about your production. It's not about how many hits you have. It's about good music and everything coming from the inside and everyone has so much love and appreciation for a good performance.

And, you know, I love when I cannot have to think about all the other things that are not as interesting and I can just belt out the songs and dance from the heart and I know that it's appreciated.

MORGAN: So, here's the weird thing. Watching you last night, you seemed about 20 feet tall. You were like this giant coming at me on my big widescreen TV, right? You are quite tiny, aren't you?

BEYONCE: People say that I'm a lot smaller than they think I am on TV. But I think they -- they say that to everyone. They say it to other girls in Destiny's Child. They say is to my husband, to my mother. I think it's just the television.

MORGAN: The thing that struck me watching you about your -- I've never watched a whole Beyonce concert before. So, I was fascinated to see how you go about this. A, the energy levels you kept up were extraordinary. B, the size of your heels.

How did -- how did you stay up? (INAUDIBLE) at that stage.

BEYONCE: It was very slippery. And the first song I was like, OK, am I going to make it? I thought I was going to have to switch shoes. And actually have (INAUDIBLE) just in case. But I have been practicing in heels since I was 13 years old.

And to be honest, it's kind of second nature. The heels are second nature. It's just a part of it, whenever I rehearse I have on my heels.

MORGAN: The whole theme of last night was -- I don't like the phrase "girl power." But it was about empowerment of women.

BEYONCE: Yes.

MORGAN: You were like strutting around that stage making men like me feeling pretty useless at home, like I have no right to be near this woman.

BEYONCE: Not at all.

MORGAN: Quite intimidating this thing you do.

BEYONCE: No, but I definitely feel that it is my job to empower women, and I

remember having this dream that my band was all females and I told my male band at the time -- I'm sorry, guys. You all are so talented but you're not women. And they all had wigs on and came to the last performance like, we can do it.

(LAUGHTER)

BEYONCE: But I found these incredible women and incredible background singers. And I do have men on the stage as well. I have great male dancers.

MORGAN: Washing your shoe heels for you?

BEYONCE: No, some incredible dancers. And it's great to have that camaraderie. I feel like I learned so much from the other musicians and it makes me want to be a better musician.

MORGAN: What do you feel? When you are there and you got 175,000 people going crazy, this is never going to happen to me. Much as I'd love to think it will, it isn't. Those days are over.

When you walk out and you get this surge of energy from a crowd like that, you've never performed to a crowd that big.

BEYONCE: No.

MORGAN: What does it feel like?

BEYONCE: Well, before I performed, I was so scared. I was like a leaf. Just -- I was really, really afraid. And I just had to say forget that it's 175,000 people and pretend it's just like the show you did two days ago and you have been doing this your whole life. And just have fun.

And, you know, we all got together, said our prayer. We took our breath and tried to exhale all the negativity and I just had to tell myself, I deserve it. I'm a diva. I've worked hard.

And I psyched myself up, and once you hear the crowd and you get past the first couple of minutes, then it's time to rock. It's time to have a good time and enjoy it.

MORGAN: I love that phrase. I'm a diva. You say that proudly. BEYONCE: I do.

MORGAN: A lot of stars, you know, they sort of shy away, "I'm not a diva." You love being a diva.

BEYONCE: Well, I've met what a diva is supposed to be. And I've met Patti LaBelle and I've met Tina Turner and I've met these incredible women that are graceful.

MORGAN: What is a true diva?

BEYONCE: Graceful and talented and strong and fearless and brave and someone with humility and I think, you know, it's an appropriate time to be a diva. And you know, I did not show up in my costume that I wore yesterday because --

BEYONCE: It's very good.

MORGAN: It's the tastiest thing you'll ever eat.

BEYONCE: It's like a Popeyes chicken biscuit, my favorite. I'm supposed to be proper. I'm having tea.

MORGAN: It's pretty cool, isn't it. Isn't it nice?

BEYONCE: The cream is so great.

MORGAN: You've spoken quite honestly and openly occasionally about having slight weight problems in your life. How have you dealt with them and what advice do you give your female fans, in particular, who may be going through that period in their lives? BEYONCE: Well, I have found my personal goal, my ideal weight for myself. And I try to stick with that. You can't let anyone tell you what, you know, your best is. You know what your best is.

And I work at it. You know, you can have whatever you want. It just takes work. MORGAN: You are 29 years old.

BEYONCE: Yes.

MORGAN: And in September -- BEYONCE: I'll be 30.

MORGAN: The looming, dooming big 30 is emerging in your life. You are pretending to be very, very thrilled about this. Are you?

BEYONCE: I am absolutely serious. I can't wait, because 29 is very strange. You are still in your 20s, but you feel like you are supposed to be 30. And I feel like a woman. I feel like I am very aware of who I am and I feel great.

And I feel like 30 is the ideal age. because you are mature enough to know who you are, and to have your boundaries and your standards and not be afraid of too polite, but you are young enough to be a young woman. I am so looking forward to it.

MORGAN: When I hear you speak like this, this mature, sensible, rational way -- BEYONCE: It's the truth.

MORGAN: It's beginning to sound a bit like your mother, which makes me think you are now heading to the right kind of time in your life --

BEYONCE: I'm turning into my mom. MORGAN: No, I didn't say that.

BEYONCE: You are trying to say I need to have a baby. MORGAN: I didn't even ask the question.

BEYONCE: OK. I always says I would have a baby at 30. MORGAN: I know you did.

BEYONCE: I'm 29. MORGAN: Exactly.

BEYONCE: But I also said I was going to retire at 30. So, I don't know. MORGAN: It could be a big year.

BEYONCE: Who knows. I'm not retiring, I'll tell you.

MORGAN: Can we expect the little patter of little Beyonce and Jay-Zs? BEYONCE: Only God knows.

MORGAN: Would you mind asking him to tell me?

BEYONCE: I will. We'll have a conversation. I'll whisper, but you can't tell anybody else.

MORGAN: We're going to go off in a moment to do a very exciting thing involving your new album. But before we go, if I could ask you to replay the greatest moment in your life, the moment, the five minutes maybe, that you would replay if you had the chance, what would it be.

BEYONCE: That's a tough one. MORGAN: So far?

BEYONCE: I talked about, I think, two of the highlights, which is Glastonbury and performing for the president.

MORGAN: I was kind of hoping that you were going to see tea and scenes with you, Piers.

BEYONCE: -- a chance. You just -- you ruined it.

BEYONCE: It's absolutely speaking to you today, Mr. Morgan.

MORGAN: Beyonce, I couldn't have asked for more. When we come back, Beyonce, you and I are going to go album hunting.

BEYONCE: Yes, we are. There's a special album out today. MORGAN: So I hear.

BEYONCE: Yes.

MORGAN: I hope they're stocking it. BEYONCE: I hope they are too. (COMMERCIAL BREAK)

MORGAN: We are now snaking through South Kensington -- BEYONCE: South Kensington.

MORGAN: -- heading towards Harrods.

BEYONCE: I can't believe we're actually about to do this.

MORGAN: We're actually going to go into Harrods and buy a copy of your album. Imagine the hell that's going to descend on these assistants if they don't have it in stock. BEYONCE: I know. That won't be good.

MORGAN: I could see your fuse blowing if that happened. This could be a very tense few moments.

BEYONCE: No, no.

MORGAN: The big question really, I need to ask you, is you or J.Lo? BEYONCE: Me or who?

MORGAN: Jay-Lo? BEYONCE: What?

MORGAN: Who has the best booty, obviously?

BEYONCE: You are crazy. J-Lo. MORGAN: You don't honestly thing that? BEYONCE: I love Jay-Lo. She's great.

BEYONCE: No, I'm not saying anything. I'm not comparing my booty to J-Lo's.

MORGAN: Who are the real rivals for you? Don't pretend you don't have them. Everyone needs rivals. Who are the names you look for to compare yourself to, in terms of success? BEYONCE: Well, to be honest with you, in the past, I have always looked at my last performances and my last chart positions, and tried to figure out how I can better myself. I don't feel like I really have any -- I don't want to say rivals.

There are people that I respect. There are people that I admire. Like, I love Gaga. She's like -- not even -- more than an artist, as a human being, she's just so genuine and such a really nice person, and brilliant.

MORGAN: I'm like a magic genie and I can offer you complete anonymity again. You're never going to have another prying camera, never going to have a weirdo fan, just complete privacy for the rest of your life, the only dear is you have to be poor.

BEYONCE: I don't know. Because I -- I'm thinking that I would probably go back and -- but then that means that I wouldn't be me. I don't know. That's a tough thing. I'm happy with my choices in my life and I'm happy with my life. So, I don't know.

MORGAN: Does money bring happiness to you?

BEYONCE: No. No. It brings some happiness. It bridges comfort. But absolutely -- MORGAN: I always think, if you have a lot of money, you don't have to worry about money. A lot of people in the world have to worry about money.

BEYONCE: They do and it's tough. It's extremely tough. We've been through times in our family where we had to worry. It's stressful on relationships, on everything. And I'm very happy that I don't right now. Who knows -- look what you did!

MORGAN: I'm sorry. I apologize. It's the bane of my life. They follow me everywhere. BEYONCE: Here we go!

(CHEERING)

MORGAN: Good news, your album is on sale! BEYONCE: It is. That looks so cool.

MORGAN: I think we need to buy one, don't you? BEYONCE: I think we do.

MORGAN: Good news, we can actually probably get two. BEYONCE: OK. That is great!

MORGAN: You can afford it, right?

BEYONCE: Actually, I didn't bring any cash. MORGAN: You want me to buy them? BEYONCE: Yes, I think --

MORGAN: How much are you worth? Seriously, 100 million dollar woman, and you're making me buy your album?

BEYONCE: I don't have any cash. I'm sorry.

MORGAN: Seriously, this is really awkward. How about a check. Why don't we get one of these. Here.

BEYONCE: Winning! MORGAN: It has to be. This is the perfect t-shirt. BEYONCE: It is.

MORGAN: I'm going to get you one of these with one of your albums. I can't be fairer than that.

After you.

BEYONCE: Thank you. That was great!

MORGAN: Quite a racy little number, huh? BEYONCE: Good music on there.

MORGAN: Never mind the music. BEYONCE: Good music!

MORGAN: It's more pictures I'm interested in. BEYONCE: I appreciate it!

MORGAN: Charging me to buy her record. No wonder she's so rich, seriously. BEYONCE: I'm telling you.

Twitter.

BEYONCE: The power of Twitter. MORGAN: Nothing secret anymore, is it?

BEYONCE: It's not. That is a little disappointing. It's hard to keep the excitement that I used to have when I saw a photograph of Michael Jackson or Prince, the mystery, and just being able to create the fantasy in your mind, it's so hard to keep that. But --

MORGAN: Is that one of the reasons that you're quite private? BEYONCE: It is. I think it's important.

I enjoyed that. It's an exciting thing, as a fan, to be able to yearn for more.

MORGAN: It's interesting, Twitter brought them all here and then all the camera phones come out.

BEYONCE: Yup.

MORGAN: Boom, boom, boom. Everyone is a paparazzi. BEYONCE: Everyone's a director. Everyone's a photographer. MORGAN: Thank you.

BEYONCE: Great.

MORGAN: Seriously, I loved it. Really good.