OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY K3
understanding of
the importance
of safety
and
health issues in doing the work,
Implement safety campaign by putting the slogan and making
K3 brochures to be placed at work sites,
Perform
weekly safety
talk among
the employees
in accordance
with the
schedule and
topics
prepared by the committee of safety and health division,
Perform safety meeting committee with representatives of
all contractors.
Perform planned inspections daily, weekly and monthly,
which are intended to eliminate unsafe conditions at work,
Implement
the existing
standard safety
operating
procedure,
Conduct safety and health training and installing traffic
signs and other warning signs.
X. COAL MINING INDUSTRY
Coal plays a very important role for centuries, not only serves as power generator, but also an essential fuel for
steel and cement productions, and other industrial activities as well. Coal is a carbon energy natural resource which is
widely used and mined using the method of open mining surface-open-cut
and underground.
Coal is
generally considered as the cheapest fossil fuel based on the heat it
contains and since fuel costs are the largest cost component, hence coal is widely used as an energy source for electricity
generation. Other advantages include relatively stable supply of coal from various geographic locations, easy and safe
storage, and easy transportation. The aforesaid factors has made
the power
generation industry
depends on
coal, particularly specially set utilities in energy importing
countries. In
general the
coal industry
is divided into two major segments, namely thermal coal and coking coal which are parts of bituminous and sub-bituminous
coal categories.
Coking coal
and thermal
coal markets
relatively have no significant relationship with one another. However, substitution might occur in the use of certain types
of thermal coal with low quality coking coal. The level of change experienced by the coal, from peat to
become anthracite, has an important relation and might be cited as the quality of coal. Low quality coal such as young
coal and sub-bituminous is usually softer with fragile material and colored dull black like the ground. Young coal
has higher humidity and low carbon content so that the energy content is also low. High quality coal is generally harder and
stronger and often colored shiny black like glass. Higher quality coal has lower humidity and produces more energy.
Anthracite is the best quality coal thus has higher carbon content and energy with lower humidity level.
1. Thermal Coal
is also known as steaming coal, the type of coal that is widely used in electricity generation. In addition,
thermal coal can also be used in direct heating process, space and water heating, heating process and cement
production. All black coal except those classified as coking coal is part of thermal coal. In general, all
types of coal can be used as thermal coal, but not all of the coal can be used for coking purpose.
2. Coaking coal is the type of coal that can be used to produce coke as a
reductant in the production of iron and steel type. Coking coal is used to produce metallurgical coke, which
is an important raw material in the production of pig iron in blast furnaces. Besides, coke is also used in
casting and smelting processes of various metals.
Generally in coal industry, coking coal is divided into 6 six categories based on the characteristics of the coal
ash content, coke strength and fluidity, and the volatility of the material; those are:
Premium hard coking
Standard hard coking
Semi-hard coking
Semi-soft coking
Low-volatile Pulverized Coal Injection PCI
High volatile PCI coal.
In general, the premium coal is the largest content “base load” of hard coking in the mixture of coking
coal in large steel factories, between 15 and 40 of the total mixture, or up to 50 in the a merchant coke plant
mixture. Lower quality coking coal such as semi-soft coking coal is usually used as coking mixed component or
as PCI coal. PCI coal is generally incorporated into the blast furnace to obtain the necessary carbon in the iron
making process and sometimes might replace the hard coking coal.
Thermal coal demand is expected to remain strong due to the relatively abundant supply, cost advantage and reliable supply
compared to other energy sources. It is estimated that average import demand growth rate is lower than that occurred ten
years earlier because of the maturity of the developing countries. However, the continued capacity expansion of coal
fired steam power plant in China and India will ensure strong prospect of thermal coal demand.
At country level, coal exporters from Indonesia are superior in terms of ocean freight costs when performing deliveries to
Asia, compared to its main competitor countries. This is important because most of the additional demand for thermal
coal traded globally will be driven by developing countries in Asia, particularly China and India. And it is estimated that
world’s shipping rates will rise due to rising shipping costs. It enhances the competitiveness of coal exporters in Indonesia
and in Asia over other exporters from Australia and South Africa.
Among other world’s major exporters, only Colombia and Australia
whose exports
are expected
to increase
significantly. Thermal coal exports from both countries are expected to be significantly affected by two major obstacles
that affect the worlds thermal coal exports, which are the domestic demand and infrastructure constraints. In Australia,
the latest deal on a new system for access to Newcastle port, which uses long-term contracts, would support the large
expansion of exports from Hunter Valley. As a result, the standard of thermal coal contract prices are expected to
increase in the short term, which would also be supported by
higher production costs arising from increased stripping ratio and lower mining levels.
Indonesia is expected to remain as the largest thermal coal exporter in the years to come. However, the position of
Indonesia as the largest thermal coal exporter in the world might someday be competed by Australia, depends on the
domestic demand for coal in
Indonesia. The growth
of Indonesias thermal coal exports will be affected by the “fast
track program” of the Government of Indonesia which has set policies to increase the share of coal in its combined energy
approximately from 11 to 33 in 2025. The Government of Indonesia is also trying to achieve the reserve margin
capacity at least at 30 which is now estimated at about 15. PT State Electricity Company PLN, as a State Owned Company
plans to install the capacity of a coal-fired steam power generation of 9GW with additional 1GW from independent power
generation. This will increase the domestic capacity of coal fired power generation for 10GW and slow down the growth of
export tonnage. The proposed bituminous coal project in Indonesia and other parts of the world, which is currently in
the due diligence stage and submission, has been delayed for several months due to the difficulty in trying to get project
funding.
Coal Quality Parameters
Sour ce: - Website of Chemical engineer ing
- Website of Uni ver sit y of Kentucky