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limitations in the analysis of these constructions. The main objection is the absence of a cognitive approach. In addition, the traditional characterization of the
English gerund seems to be inappropriate to determine its nature. We propose that in order to carry out a contrastive analysis of these constructions, it is absolutely
necessary to include a cognitive approach. This approach establishes a valid characterization of the English gerund as well as the relationship between this
category and its Spanish counterparts. We also include a translation study. The translation study is not limited to the establishment of equivalence relations
between the source and target languages, but it also provides translations techniques observed in the translation product. On the whole, parallel corpora and
translated texts prove to be extremely useful for both our contrastive analysis and translation study.
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The difference between this research and the previous studies above is this research has aim to describe the differences between English and Bahasa
Indonesia that could cause an error by boarding school students in writing skill focusing on passive sentence structure.
B. Contrastive Analysis
1. The Definition of Contrastive Analysis
Based on Soemarno, contrastive analysis has become popular approximately at 1950s, but in fact, contrastive analysis already known at the end
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María Ángeles Gómez Castejón, “Contrastive Analysis and Translation Study from a Corpus Linguistics erspective”, International Journal for English Studies, Vol 12, No 2, Published
2012
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twentieth century, even though the name is different from its common name. Kridalaksana told that contrastive analysis is synchronic method in language
analysis to show the similarity and difference between languages or dialects to looking for principle to be applied in practical problem such as language teaching
and translation.
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Carl James contends thatcontrastive analysis is a linguistic enterprise aimed at producing inverted i.e. contrastive, not comparative two valued
typologies a contrastive analysis is always concerned with a pair of languages, and founded on the assumption that language can be compared.
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As the general function of contrastive analysis, a researcher should use systematic analogy of the
linguistic signs between two or more languages. ”
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Based on Lado, contrastive analysis is a language activity which has aim to contrast two or more language in order to find its differences either in syntaxes,
morphology, vocabularies, or phonology. Contrastive analysis facilitates the students to learn their target language. Students used to transfer their first
language to their target language which sometimes can cause an error.
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Jack C. Richard told that contrastive analysis is the comparison of the linguistic systems of two languages, for example the sound system or the
grammatical system. Assumptions: the main difficulties in learning a new language are caused by interference from the first language; these difficulties can
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Mooryati Soedibyo, Analisis Kontrastif Surakarta: Pustaka Cakra Surakarta, 2004, p. 46-47
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Carl James, Contrastive Analysis Essex: Longman Group ltd., 1980, p. 3
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Theo van Els et al, Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of Foreign Languages London: Harvard University, 1983, p. 38
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Robert Lado, Linguistics Accross Culture Aoolied Linguistics for Language Teacher US: The University of Michigan Press, 1957, pp. 1-4
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be predicted by contrastive analysis; teaching materials can make use of contrastive analysis to reduce the effect of interference.
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From some opinions above we can conclude that Contrastive Analysis is an analysis which comparing between two languages inside the language itself,
