IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Anoa Presence Data
Research area, based on Landsat 7 ETM classification image was dominated by forest cover and surrounded by agricultural and settlement
area. Paddy field agriculture becomes the main livelihood for Toro village people. Other plantation like cacao and coffee plantation also becomes
local people agricultural activities. Paddy field usually located near to settlement area and cacao plantation mostly located in border area of
national park. Based on field survey observation, there is no permanent sign found in national park boundaries.
Location where Anoa found is primary forest, with steep landscape in certain location, and far away from settlement area. Research area that
full dominated by forest cover made this research ignoring land use and land cover as parameter in determining suitability habitat for Anoa.
Suitability model will considered applicable in forest cover area. Anoa presence data was collected by observing certain location
which known as habitat of Anoa. The sign of Anoa can be traced by following Anoa track which usually can be identified by seeing the
location. Sign of Anoa are consist of footprint, horn scouring tree, feces, and shelter. The Anoa sign of presence and its distribution in each
parameter are shown in table 4.1.
Table. 4.1. Anoa Presence Sign
SIGN ALT
SLO DTR
DTS DTFE
Min Max
Min Max
Min Max
Min Max
Min Max
Footprint Feces
Shelter Horn
Scouring Tree
1,478 1,539
1,482 1,981
2,164 2,164
2,164 2,091
2 1
12 39
29 34
21 100
100 100
282 700
600 538
316 7,718
8,186 7,722
8,236 10,351
10,143 10,442
8,523 6,862
6,911 6,911
7,749 8,509
8,414 8,414
8,023
Figure 4.1 Land Use Land Cover and Landsat Imagery
The footprints of Anoa were the most sign found in study area. Spread from 1,478 meter above sea level up to 2,164 meter above sea
level in top of mountain, Anoa footprint can be easily found in certain area that not covered by manure or undergrowth plant. Anoa footprint rarely
found around shelter because the ground condition around shelter area was covered by manure and moss. Anoa footprint mostly found in lower
hills or other places that have lower vegetation density and the ground
was not covered by manure. This sign also find almost in every class of slope from flat area up to steep area from 0 to 39. Anoa footprint is
easily identified because there is no other mammals’ life in study area and will be no doubt in identifying the footprint. From observation, foot print
can be found at least 7,718 meter from the nearest settlement and 6,682 meter from the forest edge. Some footprints also found in around river
which indicated river as Anoa place to find water. The foot print found at least 100 meter from river, the river features use in this study are taken
from Peta Rupa Bumi, Indonesia National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping Bakosurtanal. The river in this feature is big river
that use by local people as access for collecting rattan inside national park. In field survey, there is a lot small river stream that flow from spring
in top of mountain down to river mainstream. This stream probably is the main hydrological resources for Anoa beside the water in concave
landscape. Tough the stream is not too big but this stream can fulfill the hydrological need for Anoa.
In observation also found some small footprint near other footprint. This is shown that there is juvenile Anoa life in study area. This juvenile
Anoa still following his mother until can be independent and life alone. The feces also found in small size and big size near the footprint. This fact
strengthens the prediction that there is juvenile Anoa live in study area. Sign like horn sign that found in tree which usually called horn
scouring tree also considered as Anoa sign of presence. This sign indicated Anoa has behavior to sharpening his horn by scrape his horn to
tree. Like other mammals that have horn, Anoa also has behavior to sharpening his horn to tree. The horn are use to defend himself from his
enemy or people that he considered as enemy. In study area there is no information that Anoa have animal predator. The only threat is coming
from people that hunt Anoa for meat and horn. In past, local people around study area are use to hunt Anoa for their meat for occasional local
ceremony. They also use the horn for traditional medicine for men’s sexual health. Anoa was hunt using spear or trapped using rope trap near
shelter. Horn scouring tree was found from altitude 1,981 meter above sea
level to 2,091 meter above sea level with slope from 12 to 21 . The
nearest horn scouring tree found in 8,236 meter from settlement and 7,749 from the forest edge. In distance to river parameter, these horn
scouring trees are found at least 282 meter from the river stream. We only found horn scouring tree in small number base on our observation. There
are no other mammals in this area that have horn and have behavior to sharpening it horns make us sure that this sign of Anoa. There also no
specific tree that Anoa use for sharpening his horn. Other sign like Anoa shelter can be identified by seeing the foot
print or feces under fall down tree. In some places Anoa take a shelter under concave landscape or hole in mountain side. There is no specific
vegetation that identified as shelter place for Anoa. From field observation, Anoa shelter was often found in contiguous place. Though
the species probably only one in same place. Anoa use the shelter for protecting from rain and place for sleeping. Anoa find place for shelter in
concave landscape or fallen tree and not made a hole or nest for sheltering. Anoa also sometimes uses concave landscape under a rock.
The characteristic found in shelter during field survey is there no feces found inside the shelter. The shelter was often found clean with soil
ground or rock with no manure or moss inside the shelter. There also no feces inside the shelter. In some shelter, Palili fruit was found inside the
shelter. Palili fruit was known as Anoa feed and many Palili tree was found inside the study area.
Anoa shelter was found in elevation from 1,482 meter above sea level up to 2,164 meter above sea level in top of mountain area. The
place where shelter found was various from 1 to 34 though there found a lot in flat area like top of mountain but sometimes also found in
concave landscape with steep slope. There no clue how Anoa chooses the tree or concave landscape as their shelter because from field
observation almost every fallen tree has signed to be shelter for Anoa. Anoa shelters located 7,722 meters from nearest settlement and 6,911
meters from forest edge. From the river, shelter located at least 100 meter from the stream.
Figure 4.2 Anoa Foot Print Figure 4.3 Horn Scouring Tree
Figure 4.4 Anoa Foot Print Figure 4.5 Anoa Foot Print
Another sign that use as Anoa sign is feces. Feces mostly found spread around Anoa shelter. From field observation, the new feces found
with other old feces around. There are no special characteristic in place where feces found except found near the shelter. Feces never found near
the river or other hydrological resources. Some feces also found far away from shelter in steep landscape. Feces never found more than one in new
condition it may explain that Anoa defecate only once a day. The location of Anoa feces spread around shelter may explains that Anoa doing
activities around that shelter area. This information can be a foundation for determining the core area of Anoa and habitat characteristic.
. From statistic result, it shown that Anoa feces found in several type of slope from flat to steep landscape from 2 to 29 . Spread from
elevation 1,539 meter above sea level up to 2,164 meter above sea level. Anoa feces were found at least 8,186 meter from nearest settlement and
6,911 meters from forest edge. Anoa feces found at least 100 meter from the river stream.
Figure 4.6 Anoa Feces Figure 4.7 Anoa Old Feces
Figure 4.8 Anoa Shelter Figure 4.9 Anoa Shelter
Figure 4.10 Ground Condition Around Shelter
Figure 4.11 Anoa Sign Distribution in Altitude Parameter
Figure 4.12 Anoa Sign Distribution in Slope Parameter
Figure 4.13 Anoa Sign Distribution in Distance to Settlement Parameter
Figure 4.14 Anoa Sign Distribution in Distance to River Parameter
Figure 4.15 Anoa Sign Distribution in Distance to Forest Edge Parameter
From the result we can see that most of the location of Anoa sign was found in top of mountain and located far away from human activities.
The distribution of Anoa sign found in each parameter will be shown on the graphic below. This graphic also showing the distribution and number
sign found in each parameter.
4.2. Habitat Suitability Model
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