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to language deficits that results from neural trauma stroke, traumatic brain injury or neurological disease e.g., Alzheimer, Parkinson, schizophrenia, all of which
result in some degree of language impairment.
2.2.2 Medical and Environmental language Disorder
According to Chaer 2009: 148 language disorder divided into two major divisions; 1 language disorder due to medical factor and 2 language disorder
due to social factor. The language disorder results from medical factor including abnormalities in brain functions and speech organs. And the social factor
including unnatural environment, such as separated or isolated from normal social life.
Language disorder due to medical factors differentiated into three groups. Sidharta 1984 in Chaer 2009: 148 said that medically, language disorder can
be divided to three groups: Speech disorder, Language disorder, and Thought disorder.
2.2.2.1 Language Disorder
Human use language to communicate and interact with others. Language is human specific-species Gleason Ratner, 1998. It means that only human
that has the ability to acquire and use complex system of communication. In other view point, language can be defined as a symbolic, rule governed
system used to convey a message. The symbols can be words, either spoken or written and gestures. In this viewpoint, the term language refers to speaking and
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understanding language, it includes using words to built-up conversation and understanding and making sense of what people say. When this ability to speaking
and understanding language is impaired due to several factors, such as damage to the portion of the brain which is responsible to language, in the left hemisphere of
the brain for most right-handed people Steinberg, 2001: 319, or due to disorganized thought in schizophrenia patients – since language and thought
cannot be separated and thought reflects in language, this condition is called language disorder.
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association ASHA has defined language disorder as an impairment in “comprehension andor use of
spoken, written, andor other symbol system. The disorder may involve 1 the form of language phonologic, morphologic, and syntactic system, 2 the content
of language semantic system, andor 3 the function of language in communication pragmatic system, in any combination” American Speech-
Language-Hearing Association, 1993: 40 Paul, 2007: 3. From the definitions above, it may be said that language disorder is a
specific impairment in understanding and sharing thoughts and ideas, i.e., a disorder that involves the processing of linguistic information. Language disorder
often use as general term refers to abnormalities in mother tongue or native language.
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2.2.2.2 Speech Disorder
The term speech refers to three things; they are articulationphonological skills, fluency, and voice quality. In other words, speech related to saying sounds
accurately, speaking fluently without hesitating, or prolonging or repeating words or sounds, and speaking with expression and a clear voice, using pitch, volume
and intonation to support meaning. It involves the physical motor ability to speak. ASHA American Speech-Language-Hearing Association defined a
speech disorder is an impairment of the articulation of speech sounds, fluency, andor voice and in general, speech disorder include voice disorders, fluency
disorders, and disorders of articulation and phonology. Speech disorder is characterized by difficulty in articulation of words.
Examples include stuttering or problems producing particular sounds. Articulation refers to the sounds, syllables, and phonology produced by the individual. Voice,
however, may refer to the characteristics of the sounds produced—specifically, the pitch, quality, and intensity of the sound. Often, fluency will also be
considered a category under speech, encompassing the characteristics of rhythm, rate, and emphasis of the sound produced.
Language and speech disorders are similar in that they cause communication problems, but there is a distinction between the two conditions.
The difference between language and speech disorders is that language deals with meaning and the speech deals with sounds. A person with a language disorder has
trouble understanding what others say, or has trouble expressing himself. While
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person with a speech disorder has trouble producing or pronouncing sounds in the correct or fluent manner. So, when a person is unable to produce speech sounds
correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder. Difficulties pronouncing sounds, or articulation disorders, and
stuttering are examples of speech disorders www.asha.org.
2.2.2.3 Thought Disorder
