Review of Related Studies

that determines thought, speech and behavior Robert and Jacob, 1987: 143. Stanton in his book wrote that character can be a representation of an individual in a story or can be a unification of inner and outer principles which shape that individual. Character commonly used in two ways that are it designates the individual who appear in the story; and it refers to the mixture of interest, desires, emotions and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals Stanton, 1965:17. It is held up by Forster who wrote that in daily life it is difficult to understand people but in fiction it is not, if the novelist wishes, their inner as well as their outer life can be expressed Forster, 1974:32. Furthermore, character in a novel can be divided into two, round character and flat character. Round character is usually acknowledged as major character that undergoes a change of some sorts, while flat character is usually minor character. Minor character is usually undistinguishable from other persons in a particular group or class 1987: 144. Different from Robert and Jacob, Klarer offered different term for round character or major character. In his book, Klarer presented individualistic character as another term of round character or major character. Individualistic character, based on him, denotes a persona with more complex and differentiated features. Boulton gave opinion which is nearly the same as Robert and Jacob on round or major character though she also offered her view in different name. According to Boulton, great character is a complex human being and come to life as such after with such utility that it doesn’t seem absurd to ask what they might do in other situations 1975: 77. Stanton offered central character as the synonym of major characters. He mentioned that central character is a character that is relevant to every event in the story and the events cause some change either in him or in our attitude toward him. To sum up, major character, either is called as great, round, individualistic or central character, is character who is complex as human being, unpredictable and experience some changes because of some events in that novel.

2. Theory on Characterisation

Characterisation is all the things writers do to build up the characters they want. Through characterisation, writer can transform real-life people into characters in fiction Grenvile, 1999:36. As well as the theory of characters, there are also various theories of characterisation. Robert and Jacob offered several ways to characterise or make characters understandable for readers: a. What the characters themselves say and think What characters say or think may reflect a momentary emotional or intellectual state. However, this reflection should be considered on the situation or context of a statement. b. What the characters do Actions that characters have can be interpreted as signs of characters as what people usually said that actions speak louder than words, means that actions PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI of character can show clearly how the character looks like and how the character’s personality is. c. What other characters say about them As in real life where people are accustomed to gossiping others, in fiction an author also presents that situation. Other characters give their opinion of a character. Nevertheless, not all characters’ opinions can be considered as an accurate description since there are prejudices and interests distort. Therefore, readers not only should distinguish between bad and good characters but also should consider the context and source of all remarks before draw a conclusion about a character. d. What the author says about them Usually what the author says about characters is accepted as accurate. Furthermore, Murphy also offered a different view on characterisation. He offered nine ways to find out the characterisation of character and some of them are, first, personal description; the author can describe the character’s appearance and clothes. The author can describe how characters looks like; therefore, readers can get closer description of the character. Next are reactions. The author can also illustrate a character by showing readers how those characters react to various situations and events and how characters face an event or situation. Mannerism, the author can give reader clues about a character through mannerism; how the character’s habitual is Murphy, 1974:161.