31. De Ronde, W., Pols, H. A. P., van Leeuwen, J. P. T. M. de Jong, F. H. The importance of oestrogens in males.
Clin. Endocrinol. Oxf.
58, 529 –542 2003.
32. Nelson, L. R. Bulun, S. E. Estrogen production and action.
J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.
45, S116
–124 2001. 33. Ackerman, G. E. Carr, B. R. Estrogens.
Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.
3, 225 –230 2002.
34. Simpson, E.
et al.
Local estrogen biosynthesis in males and females.
Endocr. Relat. Cancer
6,
131 –137 1999.
35. Zhu, B. T. Conney, A. H. Functional role of estrogen metabolism in target cells: review and perspectives.
Carcinogenesis
19, 1 –27 1998.
36. Kiuru, P. Labeling and synthesis of estrogens and their metabolites.
Acad. Diss.
1 –75 2005.
37. Kennelly, P. J. et al.Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 28th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2009.
38. Hall, J. E. Guyton, A. C.
Textbook of medical physiology
. Saunders, 2010. 39. Muti, P.
et al.
Estrogen metabolism and risk of breast cancer: a prospective study of the 2:16alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
Epidemiol. Camb. Mass
11, 635 –640 2000.
40. Gruber, C. J., Tschugguel, W., Schneeberger, C. Huber, J. C. Production and Actions of Estrogens.
N. Engl. J. Med.
346, 340 –352 2002.
41. Filardo, E. J. Epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR transactivation by estrogen via the G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR30: a novel signaling pathway with potential significance
for breast cancer.
J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.
80, 231 –238 2002.
42. Revankar, C. M., Cimino, D. F., Sklar, L. A., Arterburn, J. B. Prossnitz, E. R. A Transmembrane Intracellular Estrogen Receptor Mediates Rapid Cell Signaling.
Science
307,
1625 –1630 2005.
43. Braidman, I. P.
et al.
Localization of estrogen receptor beta protein expression in adult human bone.
J. Bone Miner. Res. Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res.
16, 214 –220 2001.
44. Lerner, U. H. Bone remodeling in post-menopausal osteoporosis.
J. Dent. Res.
85, 584 –595
2006. 45. Pelletier, G. Localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in rat and primate tissues.
Histol. Histopathol.
15, 1261 –1270 2000.
46. Claassen
et al.
Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptor alpha in articular chondrocytes from cows, pigs and humans: in situ and in vitro results.
Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz. Off. Organ Anat. Ges.
183, 223 –227 2001.
47. Richmond, R. S., Carlson, C. S., Register, T. C., Shanker, G. Loeser, R. F. Functional estrogen receptors in adult articular cartilage: Estrogen replacement therapy increases
chondrocyte synthesis of proteoglycans and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2.
Arthritis Rheum.
43, 2081 –2090 2000.
48. Ushiyama, T., Ueyama, H., Inoue, K., Ohkubo, I. Hukuda, S. Expression of genes for estrogen receptors alpha and beta in human articular chondrocytes.
Osteoarthr. Cartil. OARS Osteoarthr. Res. Soc.
7, 560 –566 1999.
49. Lee, Y. J.
et al.
Effect of estrogen on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproternase-1 in osteoarthritis
chondrocytes.
Rheumatol. Int.
23, 282 –288 2003.