E. Data Analysis Technique
After all the steps above have already been conducted, the next step is data analysis. According to Selinger and Shohamy 1989, data analysis is a
process of organizing, ordering and summarizing the data into patterns, or categories in such a way in order to arrive at the results and conclusions of the
research. It is important to do the data analysis to find out the results and conclusions after all the data needed have been gathered.
1. Analysis on the Result of the Test
The tests were prepared and designed by the researcher. The researcher used achievement test because she aimed to measure students’ achievement on their
mastery of simple past tense after the treatment. The test instrument was used to clarify the pre-test and post-test result after the treatment. The researcher also
employed the weighting table to score the students’ competency in the spoken test. The scoring system as follows:
LEVEL
AREA: GRAMMAR I.
inadequate and inaccurate use of grammar; constant errors showing lack of control of few major patterns; preventing communication
II. frequent errors showing lack of control of some major patterns; causing
misunderstanding
WEIGHTING TABLE
AREA\ LEVEL I
II III
IV V
Grammar
4 8
12 16
20
Vocabulary 3
6 9
12 15
Comprehension
2 4
6 8
10
Fluency
2 4
6 8
10
Pronunciation 1
2 3
4 5
TOTAL PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
III. occasional error showing good control of some patterns; still
understandable IV.
few errors; no mistakes with the pattern; understandable V.
rich use of grammar with no more than two errors
LEVEL
AREA: VOCABULARY I.
inadequate and inaccurate use of vocabulary; even for the simplest conversation
II. limited vocabulary to basic personal time, food, family.
III. inaccurate choice of words to discuss social topic.
IV. adequate use of general vocabulary to cope with social situation
V. rich use of vocabulary; attempts to be elaborated
LEVEL
AREA: COMPREHENSION I.
responses barely comprehensible II.
responses mostly comprehensible; constant repetition and rephrasing; requiring interpretation by the listener
III. responses mostly comprehensible; occasional repetition and rephrasing;
requiring interpretation by the listener IV.
responses comprehensible; requiring minimal interpretation V.
responses readily comprehensible
LEVEL
AREA: FLUENCY I.
speech halting and uneven; long pauses; incomplete thoughts II.
speech is very slow and uneven; frequent pauses; few or no incomplete thoughts
III. speech is frequently hesitant but manages to continue; complete thoughts
IV. speech is effortless and smooth; complete thoughts
V. speech continuous with little stumbling
LEVEL
AREA: PRONUNCIATION I.
pronunciation frequently intelligible II.
frequent errors; little or no communication III.
few mispronunciation; occasional problems with communication IV.
few mispronunciation; no interfere with communication V.
no mispronunciation; communication with ease
Blaz 2001: 39 Hughes 1989: 111-112
Having scored the result of written test and spoken test both in pretest and posttest, the researcher started to analyze them. The researcher used independent
t-test in analyzing the data. The independent t-test was used since this type of test PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
was relevant to the research method. The function of the independent t-test was to see whether Dictogloss technique has a positive effect to enhance students’
mastery of simple past tense or not. .According to Ary 1990: 194, the formula for the independent t-test is:
t = Where:
t : the t-ratio
1
-
2
: the observed difference between two means S
1
-
2
: the standard error of the difference between two means
It was needed to calculate the standard error of the difference between two means because it was sometimes referred to as the error term for the t-test. The
formula was as follows:
S
1
-
2
=
Where: S
1
-
2 :
the standard error of the difference between two means : the number of cases in the experimental group
: the number of cases in the control group : the sum of the squared deviation scores in the control group
: the sum of the squared deviation scores in the experimental group
The researcher checked whether the data had been normally distributed before calculating the data using t-test for independent sample. The researcher
used SPSS 15 Program to find out the normality of the data. Also, the researcher used both manual calculation and modern calculation from SPSS 15 Program to
calculate the t-test for independent sample. F. Research Procedure
In this study, the researcher used six subsequent steps. They are:
1. The researcher identified the problem and research participants. 2. The researcher asked the permission from the English teacher of SMK Bopkri
I Yogyakarta , where the research would be conducted.
3. The researcher constructed the research test. The researcher would prepare the test which is related to Simple Past Tense.
4. The researcher administered the pilot test to measure the va lidity and the reliability of the test itself.
5. The researcher employed the pretest and posttest to the research participants of SMK Bopkri I Yogyakarta.
6. The researcher analyzed the results of the test and drew conclusions. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
All the data gathered in this study is presented in this chapter. The first is the data of the test result. It presents the test result of the experimental group and
the control group. The second is the presentation of the t-test. It is made to prove whether the difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and
the control group is significant.
A. The Data of the Test Results
There were two tests used in this research, the pretest and the posttest. The detail discussion of those two tests will be presented in the next part of the
chapter. The researcher would also include the discussion of students’ transcript on the spoken test.
1. The Pretest and Posttest
The researcher herself made the pretest and the posttest after consulting to the advisor and some English teachers. The materials given to the students
through the teaching and learning activities were included as the items of the test. The researcher copied as many as needed both for the control group and the
experimental group. The result of the test showed the ability of the students’ mastery of simple
past tense. Before conducting the pretest as well as the posttest, the researcher had conducted the pilot test to measure the validity and reliability of the test.
39 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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