Population and Sample RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Validity and Reliability of the Instrument An instrument which is going to be tested to students should have validity. Heaton defined the validity as “the extent to which it measures it is supposed to measure”. 5 The test used as the instruments of this research are based on the content of English syllabus, “Memahami makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek dan berbentuk narrative, spoof dan hortatory exposition dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan ”. The students should attain those objectives of learning narrative and hortatory exposition, therefore, to construct the test or instrument and the objective can be reached, it should be guided on its content and it is known as content validity. Content validity is a kind of validity that depends on the analysis of the language which is being tested and the course objective. 6 Before conducting the test, the writer did the consultation to the advisor about the instrument in order to make it is compatible and appropriate with the syllabus. The instrument of this research has to be appropriate with the objective of learning writing narrative and hortatory exposition with accuracy and complexity itself, the indicator of learning narrative text and hortatory exposition and instruction given to students so that there is the appropriateness with the content of the syllabus and the writing material which is tested to the students and the objective of teaching and learning can be achieved. In addition, to obtain reliability of the instrument the researcher used Sara Cushing Weigle ’s for complexity and Rod Ellis’s measure for accuracy. Sara Weigle scored the complexity in writing by counting the number of longer clauses and subordinators, while Rod Ellis scored the accuracy in writing by calculating the number of grammatical errors per total number of t-units. 5 J.B. Heaton, Writing English Language Test, New York: Longman inc., 1988, p. 159 6 Ibid, p.160

E. Technique of Collecting the Data

In collecting the data, the writer used a written test as the primary instrument. There are two types of tests; pretest and posttest. Pretest is a measure that the researcher assesses for the participant in an experiment before receive a treatment. Posttest is a measure that the researcher assesses for the participants after receive a treatment. 7 The design used in this quantitative research was a quasi-experimental study which involved two classes experimental class and controlled class. This kind of study allows the researcher to look at the effect of at least one independent variable and one or more dependent variables. Independent variable in experimental research is also frequently referred to the experimental or the treatment variable. In this research, the researcher wanted to see whether the treatment made a difference or not. As the final, the result of pre-test and post- test are collected and compared. Some techniques used in collecting data in research are: 1. Pre-test The writer gave the students pre-test for both experimental class and controlled class before the lesson to know the students accuracy and complexity in writing. The pre-test was written test which they must write about Study at Pesantren. 2. Treatment The writer taught Hortatory Exposition and it was included the language feature that were compound and complex or compound complex sentence in the experimental class and controlled class. She gave both classes the same materials but with different media or technique in doing some assignments. The writer held four times for doing treatment in experimental class and four times in controlled class. The experimental class students used blog in study hortatory exposition include compound and complex sentence in writing which they had to write, upload, give comments, and interact with the teacher 7 John W. Creswell, op.cit., p. 297