An Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made Twelfth Year Students of Hospitality Accomodation Program, SMK Raksana 2 Medan
AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN USING DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
MADE
BY
TWELFTH
YEAR
STUDENTS
OF
HOSPITALITY
ACCOMMODATION PROGRAM, SMK RAKSANA 2 MEDAN
A THESIS
BY
RASINGAN SURANTA PURBA
REG. NO. 100705053
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN USING DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
MADE
TWELFTH
YEAR
STUDENTS
OF
HOSPITALITY
ACCOMODATION PROGRAM, SMK RAKSANA 2 MEDAN
A THESIS
BY
RASINGAN SURANTA PURBA
REG. NO. 100705053
SUPERVISOR
Drs. H. Chairul Husni, M. Ed. TESOL
NIP. 195708031984041004
CO-SUPERVISOR
Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M. Ed.TESOL
NIP. 196107031986011001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S
NIP. 195411171980031002
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
NIP. 197502092008121002
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillments of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara on Thursday, August 27, 2015.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP.195110131976031001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
…………………….
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S
…………………….
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D
…………………….
Drs. H. Chairul Husni, M. Ed. TESOL
…………………….
Drs. M. Syafie’ie Siregar, MA
…………………….
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, RASINGAN SURANTA PURBA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN
THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD
OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
Date
:
: September, 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: RASINGAN SURANTA PURBA
TITLE OF THESIS
: AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN USING DIRECT
AND INDIRECT SPEECH MADE BY TWELFTH
YEAR
STUDENTS
OF
HOSPITALITY
ACCOMODATION PROGRAM, SMK RAKSANA
2 MEDAN
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETATION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: September, 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to praise and give the greatest honor to the
Heavently Father the Almighty God in the name of Jesus Christ who has always
given His blessing in completing this thesis.
In this opportunity, the writer would like to express his high appreciation to Dr.
H. Syahron Lubis, MA, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies and his Supervisor,
Drs. H. Chairul Husni, M. Ed. TESOL, and his Co-Supervisor, Drs. Yulianus Harefa,
M. Ed. TESOL for their helps, advises, and for their details comments. The writer
also thanks Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S the Head of English Department, and
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D as the Secretary of English Department who have
given him facilities and opportunities in doing this thesis.
The writer wants to thank the Headmaster of SMK Swasta Raksana 2 Medan,
Drs. Safarudin, the English teacher of SMK Raksana 2 Medan, Olanda Theresia
Sianturi, S. Pd and also the twelfth year students of Hospitality Accomodation
Program in SMK Raksana 2 Medan who have supported him to complete the thesis
especially while doing the research in SMK Raksana 2 Medan.
The writer thanks to his parents Ir. K. Purba and K. br Sembiring who always
support him to finish his study. He also thanks to his sisters: Erina Sari br Purba,
S.Pi., Decy Handayani Sinarta br Purba, S.Pd., and Bali Ulina br Purba that always
pray and support him.
The writer never forgets to thank his friends: Ayu Pangaribuan, S.S, Ivo Silalahi,
S.S., Pandu Winata Lase, Martin Marbun, Jason Sinulingga, S.S., Atika Akhmar,
S.S., Gratcia Deviana Sinabutar, S.S., Siti Rosmadiana, S.S., Yanri Veranika Alfiana
Hailitik, A.Md., Mutiara Niken Nasution, S.M. and Puspita Sari, A.Md.,who always
give him support in completing this thesis. Last but not least, many thanks are
Universitas Sumatera Utara
delivered to his dear loving friends of batch 2010 in English Department who had
been being with him in 5 years his life in campus.
Thank so much may God bless them all.
Medan, September 2015
The Writer,
Rasingan Suranta Purba
Reg. No. 100705053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi berjudul “An Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made by
Twelfth Year Students of Hospitality Accomodation Program, SMK Raksana 2
Medan” merupakan suatu analisis tentang jenis-jenis kesalahan dan penyebabpenyebab kesalahan yang ditemukan dalam penggunaan kalimat langsung dan
kalimat tidak langsung oleh siswa kelas duabelas jurusan akomodasi perhotelan di
SMK Raksana 2 Medan. Landasan teori-teori yang dipakai adalah teori Jack Richard
(1974) yang menjelaskan tentang jenis-jenis kesalahan (kinds of error) dan teori
Dulay, Burt, and Krashen (1973) yang menjelaskan tentang penyebab-penyebab
terjadinya kesalahan (causes of error). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode
kuantitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat kemampuan para siswa/i
kelas duabelas jurusan akomodasi perhotelan dalam menggunakan kalimat langsung
dan kalimat tidak langsung. Adapun objek penelitian dari skripsi ini adalah diambil
dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang telah dijawab oleh para siswa. Hasil penemuan dari
analisis jenis kesalahan ini menyatakan bahwa terdapat 12.15% omission, 10.24 %
addition, 73.16% misinformation, dan 3.99% misordering. Analisis tentang penyebab
kesalahan meyatakan bahwa terdapat 8.68% overgeneralization, 14.23% ignorance of
rule restriction, 12.15% incomplete of rule restriction, dan 64.93% false concept
hypothesis. Berdasarkan data diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa misinformation
(73.16%) sebagai jenis kesalahan dominan dan false concept hypothesis (64.93%)
sebagai penyebab kesalahan dominan.
Kata kunci: Analisis kesalahan, jenis-jenis kesalahan, penyebab kesalahan.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled “An Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made by
Twelfth Year Students of Hospitality Accomodation Program, SMK Raksana 2
Medan” is an analysis about the kinds of error and causes of error which found in the
using of direct and direct speech made by the twelfth year students of hospitality
accommodation program in SMK Raksana 2 Medan. It used the Jack Richard (1974)
theory which explained about kinds of error and Dulay, Burt, and Krashen’s (1973)
theory which explained about causes of error. This research used qualitative method.
Aim of this study is to measure the ability of the twelfth year students of hospitality
accommodation program in using direct and indirect speech. The object of the study
in the discussion of this thesis is taken from the questions which are given to the
students. The findings of kinds of error there were 12.15% omission, 10.24 %
addition, 73.16% misinformation, and 3.99% misordering. The causes of error shown
8.68% overgeneralization, 14.23% ignorance of rule restriction, 12.15% incomplete
of rule restriction, and 64.93% false concept hypothesis. Based on the data above, the
writer concluded that the dominant kinds of error was misinformation (73.16%) and
the dominant causes of error was false concept hypothesis (64.93%).
Key words: Error analysis, kinds of errors, causes of errors.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR DECLARATION………………………………………………………..i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION…………………………………………………..ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………iii
ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………...v
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………vi
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………...vii
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study…………………………......1
1.2
Problem of the Study………..…………… ……….....3
1.3
Objective of the Study………………………………..4
1.4
Scope of the Study…………………………...…….....4
1.5
Significance of the Study……………………………..5
RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Previous Studies………………………………………6
2.2
Direct Speech…………………………...……….........8
2.2.1 Tenses…………………….…………………………12
2.2.2 Punctuation……………………..…………………...14
2.2.3 Rules in Quoting Direct Speech………………...…..16
2.3
Indirect Speech…………………...…………………20
2.3.1 The Changes of Sentence Structure………………....21
2.3.2 The Changes of Tense.…………………. …………..23
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.3.3 The Changes of Personal Pronouns…………………25
2.3.4 The Changes of Adverbs…………………………….27
2.4
Error Analysis……………………………………….29
2.4.1 The Difference of Error and Mistake………………..29
2.4.2 Error and Error Analysis…………………………….30
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1
Research Design……………………………………..36
3.2
Population and Sample...……………………………36
3.3
Analysis Instruments...………………………. .........37
3.4
Data Collection………………...……………………37
3.5
Data Analysis………………..……………………...38
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1
Description of Data…………………………….........40
4.2
Data Analysis…………………………...…………...41
4.2.1
Describing the Errors………………………………..41
4.2.2
Types of Errors………………………...…................42
4.2.3
The Dominant Types of Errors………………...........48
4.2.4
The Dominant Causes of Errors………………..........49
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1
Conclusions……..…………………………………..50
5.2
Suggestions……………….………………………....50
Universitas Sumatera Utara
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………..51
APPENDICES
Universitas Sumatera Utara
MADE
BY
TWELFTH
YEAR
STUDENTS
OF
HOSPITALITY
ACCOMMODATION PROGRAM, SMK RAKSANA 2 MEDAN
A THESIS
BY
RASINGAN SURANTA PURBA
REG. NO. 100705053
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN USING DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
MADE
TWELFTH
YEAR
STUDENTS
OF
HOSPITALITY
ACCOMODATION PROGRAM, SMK RAKSANA 2 MEDAN
A THESIS
BY
RASINGAN SURANTA PURBA
REG. NO. 100705053
SUPERVISOR
Drs. H. Chairul Husni, M. Ed. TESOL
NIP. 195708031984041004
CO-SUPERVISOR
Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M. Ed.TESOL
NIP. 196107031986011001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S
NIP. 195411171980031002
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
NIP. 197502092008121002
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillments of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara on Thursday, August 27, 2015.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP.195110131976031001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
…………………….
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S
…………………….
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D
…………………….
Drs. H. Chairul Husni, M. Ed. TESOL
…………………….
Drs. M. Syafie’ie Siregar, MA
…………………….
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, RASINGAN SURANTA PURBA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN
THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD
OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
Date
:
: September, 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: RASINGAN SURANTA PURBA
TITLE OF THESIS
: AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN USING DIRECT
AND INDIRECT SPEECH MADE BY TWELFTH
YEAR
STUDENTS
OF
HOSPITALITY
ACCOMODATION PROGRAM, SMK RAKSANA
2 MEDAN
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETATION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: September, 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to praise and give the greatest honor to the
Heavently Father the Almighty God in the name of Jesus Christ who has always
given His blessing in completing this thesis.
In this opportunity, the writer would like to express his high appreciation to Dr.
H. Syahron Lubis, MA, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies and his Supervisor,
Drs. H. Chairul Husni, M. Ed. TESOL, and his Co-Supervisor, Drs. Yulianus Harefa,
M. Ed. TESOL for their helps, advises, and for their details comments. The writer
also thanks Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S the Head of English Department, and
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D as the Secretary of English Department who have
given him facilities and opportunities in doing this thesis.
The writer wants to thank the Headmaster of SMK Swasta Raksana 2 Medan,
Drs. Safarudin, the English teacher of SMK Raksana 2 Medan, Olanda Theresia
Sianturi, S. Pd and also the twelfth year students of Hospitality Accomodation
Program in SMK Raksana 2 Medan who have supported him to complete the thesis
especially while doing the research in SMK Raksana 2 Medan.
The writer thanks to his parents Ir. K. Purba and K. br Sembiring who always
support him to finish his study. He also thanks to his sisters: Erina Sari br Purba,
S.Pi., Decy Handayani Sinarta br Purba, S.Pd., and Bali Ulina br Purba that always
pray and support him.
The writer never forgets to thank his friends: Ayu Pangaribuan, S.S, Ivo Silalahi,
S.S., Pandu Winata Lase, Martin Marbun, Jason Sinulingga, S.S., Atika Akhmar,
S.S., Gratcia Deviana Sinabutar, S.S., Siti Rosmadiana, S.S., Yanri Veranika Alfiana
Hailitik, A.Md., Mutiara Niken Nasution, S.M. and Puspita Sari, A.Md.,who always
give him support in completing this thesis. Last but not least, many thanks are
Universitas Sumatera Utara
delivered to his dear loving friends of batch 2010 in English Department who had
been being with him in 5 years his life in campus.
Thank so much may God bless them all.
Medan, September 2015
The Writer,
Rasingan Suranta Purba
Reg. No. 100705053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi berjudul “An Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made by
Twelfth Year Students of Hospitality Accomodation Program, SMK Raksana 2
Medan” merupakan suatu analisis tentang jenis-jenis kesalahan dan penyebabpenyebab kesalahan yang ditemukan dalam penggunaan kalimat langsung dan
kalimat tidak langsung oleh siswa kelas duabelas jurusan akomodasi perhotelan di
SMK Raksana 2 Medan. Landasan teori-teori yang dipakai adalah teori Jack Richard
(1974) yang menjelaskan tentang jenis-jenis kesalahan (kinds of error) dan teori
Dulay, Burt, and Krashen (1973) yang menjelaskan tentang penyebab-penyebab
terjadinya kesalahan (causes of error). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode
kuantitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat kemampuan para siswa/i
kelas duabelas jurusan akomodasi perhotelan dalam menggunakan kalimat langsung
dan kalimat tidak langsung. Adapun objek penelitian dari skripsi ini adalah diambil
dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang telah dijawab oleh para siswa. Hasil penemuan dari
analisis jenis kesalahan ini menyatakan bahwa terdapat 12.15% omission, 10.24 %
addition, 73.16% misinformation, dan 3.99% misordering. Analisis tentang penyebab
kesalahan meyatakan bahwa terdapat 8.68% overgeneralization, 14.23% ignorance of
rule restriction, 12.15% incomplete of rule restriction, dan 64.93% false concept
hypothesis. Berdasarkan data diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa misinformation
(73.16%) sebagai jenis kesalahan dominan dan false concept hypothesis (64.93%)
sebagai penyebab kesalahan dominan.
Kata kunci: Analisis kesalahan, jenis-jenis kesalahan, penyebab kesalahan.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled “An Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made by
Twelfth Year Students of Hospitality Accomodation Program, SMK Raksana 2
Medan” is an analysis about the kinds of error and causes of error which found in the
using of direct and direct speech made by the twelfth year students of hospitality
accommodation program in SMK Raksana 2 Medan. It used the Jack Richard (1974)
theory which explained about kinds of error and Dulay, Burt, and Krashen’s (1973)
theory which explained about causes of error. This research used qualitative method.
Aim of this study is to measure the ability of the twelfth year students of hospitality
accommodation program in using direct and indirect speech. The object of the study
in the discussion of this thesis is taken from the questions which are given to the
students. The findings of kinds of error there were 12.15% omission, 10.24 %
addition, 73.16% misinformation, and 3.99% misordering. The causes of error shown
8.68% overgeneralization, 14.23% ignorance of rule restriction, 12.15% incomplete
of rule restriction, and 64.93% false concept hypothesis. Based on the data above, the
writer concluded that the dominant kinds of error was misinformation (73.16%) and
the dominant causes of error was false concept hypothesis (64.93%).
Key words: Error analysis, kinds of errors, causes of errors.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR DECLARATION………………………………………………………..i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION…………………………………………………..ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………iii
ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………...v
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………vi
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………...vii
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study…………………………......1
1.2
Problem of the Study………..…………… ……….....3
1.3
Objective of the Study………………………………..4
1.4
Scope of the Study…………………………...…….....4
1.5
Significance of the Study……………………………..5
RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Previous Studies………………………………………6
2.2
Direct Speech…………………………...……….........8
2.2.1 Tenses…………………….…………………………12
2.2.2 Punctuation……………………..…………………...14
2.2.3 Rules in Quoting Direct Speech………………...…..16
2.3
Indirect Speech…………………...…………………20
2.3.1 The Changes of Sentence Structure………………....21
2.3.2 The Changes of Tense.…………………. …………..23
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.3.3 The Changes of Personal Pronouns…………………25
2.3.4 The Changes of Adverbs…………………………….27
2.4
Error Analysis……………………………………….29
2.4.1 The Difference of Error and Mistake………………..29
2.4.2 Error and Error Analysis…………………………….30
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1
Research Design……………………………………..36
3.2
Population and Sample...……………………………36
3.3
Analysis Instruments...………………………. .........37
3.4
Data Collection………………...……………………37
3.5
Data Analysis………………..……………………...38
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1
Description of Data…………………………….........40
4.2
Data Analysis…………………………...…………...41
4.2.1
Describing the Errors………………………………..41
4.2.2
Types of Errors………………………...…................42
4.2.3
The Dominant Types of Errors………………...........48
4.2.4
The Dominant Causes of Errors………………..........49
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1
Conclusions……..…………………………………..50
5.2
Suggestions……………….………………………....50
Universitas Sumatera Utara
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………..51
APPENDICES
Universitas Sumatera Utara