An Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made Twelfth Year Students of Hospitality Accomodation Program, SMK Raksana 2 Medan
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Grammar of a language is very important when we want to master a language. In
linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of
clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. There are so many scopes
in grammar. Some of them are direct and indirect speech which concern to the way
to communicate to the others.
Direct speech is a communication activity when people (first person) share their
feelings or messages to the others (second person) directly. In direct speech the
original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in
quotation mark. There are 2 parts in building a direct speech, they are reporting
clause and reported clause. Reporting clause is the initial of a sentence in direct
speech. Whereas reported clause is the part of direct speech which marked with
quotation mark (“) and ended by quotation mark (”).
In writing direct speech, there are so many rules that we have to obey such as
quotation marks, commas, periods, punctuations, and the used of capital words. It is
so crucial to follow the rules because in direct speech we have to write the speaker’s
exact words.
The easiest way to find the using of direct speech is in conversation because we
use it daily in our lives. We use in sharing and talking to our families or even our
societies. Someone speaks directly to a person uses direct speech and you talk to
your friend use direct speech. So the used of the direct speech is so close to our lives
consciously or not.
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Indirect speech is a communication activity when the speaker (second person)
tries to share the ideas from the first person to the others (third person) without
omitting the message. Indirect speech is also called reported speech or indirect
discourse. Grammatically, indirect speech used of certain syntactic structure such as
content clause and infinitive phrase.
In indirect speech some changes are made. For example, person is changed
because of the change of the speaker or the listener. In addition, in some languages
such as English, there is a change of tenses which called the sequence of tenses. In
some languages such as Latin, there is a change of mood. Latin switches from
indicative to the infinitive (statement) or the subjunctive (question). In indirect
speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word
“that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect
speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second
part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.
The researcher felt so interesting to choose this theme and so curious to the
ability of the students. There are so many reasons why the researcher choose direct
and indirect speech as the title. The main reason is the students have learned about
direct and indirect speech and the researcher felt so interesting to measure the ability
of the students in this matter. The researcher feels curious about this phenomenon
and tries to find the causes of this matter.
Direct and indirect speech is one of the topics which can be found in the
vocational high school students’ English book. It means that it is needed for the
vocational high school students. The students are expected to know and understand
this topic which finally can be used in their lives.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Mastering language is so important for us but sometimes we will find some
errors or mistakes when we analyze it. It usually happens especially when we use the
second language. It occurs because the structure, grammar, and syntax of our first
and second language are rather different.
Error analysis is an activity to identify, classify, and interpret or describe the
errors made by someone in speaking or in writing and it is carried out to obtain
information on common difficulties faced by someone in speaking or in writing
English sentences.
Another thing, which should noticed is the procedure of error analysis. The
twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation program in SMK Raksana 2
Medan are second language learners, because they study English based on our
Government curriculum no. 412. As the second language learners, they will also
make errors in using the language in written and/or spoken.
Researcher has considered that the object of this research is errors made by
twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in
using Direct and Indirect Speech. Since the purpose of this research is to study errors
and to know what generally causing the students make errors.
Based on the explanation above, I am interested in doing research entitled “An
Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made by Twelfth Year Students
of Hospitality Accommodation Program, SMK Raksana 2 Medan”.
1.2 Problem of the Study
Based on the reason above, there are some questions to be answered, such as:
1. What types of errors do the twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in
SMK Raksana 2 Medan make in using direct and indirect speech?
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2. What is the dominant type of error in using direct and indirect speech made by
twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan?
3. What causes of errors do the twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation
in SMK Raksana 2 Medan make in using direct and indirect speech?
4. What is the dominant cause of error in using direct and indirect speech made by
twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problem, the objectives of the analysis are:
1. To find out the types of errors which are made by twelfth year students of
hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in using direct and indirect
speech.
2. To find out the dominant type of error which is made by twelfth year students of
hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in using direct and indirect
speech.
3. To find out the causes of errors which are made by twelfth year students of
hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in using direct and indirect
speech.
4. To find out the dominant cause of error which is made by twelfth year students of
hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in using direct and indirect
speech.
1.4 Scope of the Study
In research, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been
chosen. All tenses in English have direct and indirect own rules. In this thesis, I only
Universitas Sumatera Utara
discuss direct and indirect speech that covers: simple present tense, present
continuous tense, simple past tense, and present perfect tense. I chose the above
tenses for students in grade twelfth because those are the basic tenses and they have
known about the tenses especially using direct and indirect speech in these tenses
well.
1.5 Significance of the Study
Theoretical purpose of the study is to contribute to teaching skills and
development of teachers’ qualities. While practical purpose is after a systematic
analysis, the teacher can determine the level of every learner and the knowledge that
is still to be taught. In other words, it tells the teacher how far towards the goal the
learner has progressed and what remains for him/her to learn. It also can be a
feedback for the teacher reflecting how effective he/she is in their teaching style and
what changes he/she has to make to reach higher performance from his/her students.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Grammar of a language is very important when we want to master a language. In
linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of
clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. There are so many scopes
in grammar. Some of them are direct and indirect speech which concern to the way
to communicate to the others.
Direct speech is a communication activity when people (first person) share their
feelings or messages to the others (second person) directly. In direct speech the
original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in
quotation mark. There are 2 parts in building a direct speech, they are reporting
clause and reported clause. Reporting clause is the initial of a sentence in direct
speech. Whereas reported clause is the part of direct speech which marked with
quotation mark (“) and ended by quotation mark (”).
In writing direct speech, there are so many rules that we have to obey such as
quotation marks, commas, periods, punctuations, and the used of capital words. It is
so crucial to follow the rules because in direct speech we have to write the speaker’s
exact words.
The easiest way to find the using of direct speech is in conversation because we
use it daily in our lives. We use in sharing and talking to our families or even our
societies. Someone speaks directly to a person uses direct speech and you talk to
your friend use direct speech. So the used of the direct speech is so close to our lives
consciously or not.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Indirect speech is a communication activity when the speaker (second person)
tries to share the ideas from the first person to the others (third person) without
omitting the message. Indirect speech is also called reported speech or indirect
discourse. Grammatically, indirect speech used of certain syntactic structure such as
content clause and infinitive phrase.
In indirect speech some changes are made. For example, person is changed
because of the change of the speaker or the listener. In addition, in some languages
such as English, there is a change of tenses which called the sequence of tenses. In
some languages such as Latin, there is a change of mood. Latin switches from
indicative to the infinitive (statement) or the subjunctive (question). In indirect
speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word
“that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect
speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second
part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.
The researcher felt so interesting to choose this theme and so curious to the
ability of the students. There are so many reasons why the researcher choose direct
and indirect speech as the title. The main reason is the students have learned about
direct and indirect speech and the researcher felt so interesting to measure the ability
of the students in this matter. The researcher feels curious about this phenomenon
and tries to find the causes of this matter.
Direct and indirect speech is one of the topics which can be found in the
vocational high school students’ English book. It means that it is needed for the
vocational high school students. The students are expected to know and understand
this topic which finally can be used in their lives.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Mastering language is so important for us but sometimes we will find some
errors or mistakes when we analyze it. It usually happens especially when we use the
second language. It occurs because the structure, grammar, and syntax of our first
and second language are rather different.
Error analysis is an activity to identify, classify, and interpret or describe the
errors made by someone in speaking or in writing and it is carried out to obtain
information on common difficulties faced by someone in speaking or in writing
English sentences.
Another thing, which should noticed is the procedure of error analysis. The
twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation program in SMK Raksana 2
Medan are second language learners, because they study English based on our
Government curriculum no. 412. As the second language learners, they will also
make errors in using the language in written and/or spoken.
Researcher has considered that the object of this research is errors made by
twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in
using Direct and Indirect Speech. Since the purpose of this research is to study errors
and to know what generally causing the students make errors.
Based on the explanation above, I am interested in doing research entitled “An
Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made by Twelfth Year Students
of Hospitality Accommodation Program, SMK Raksana 2 Medan”.
1.2 Problem of the Study
Based on the reason above, there are some questions to be answered, such as:
1. What types of errors do the twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in
SMK Raksana 2 Medan make in using direct and indirect speech?
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2. What is the dominant type of error in using direct and indirect speech made by
twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan?
3. What causes of errors do the twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation
in SMK Raksana 2 Medan make in using direct and indirect speech?
4. What is the dominant cause of error in using direct and indirect speech made by
twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problem, the objectives of the analysis are:
1. To find out the types of errors which are made by twelfth year students of
hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in using direct and indirect
speech.
2. To find out the dominant type of error which is made by twelfth year students of
hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in using direct and indirect
speech.
3. To find out the causes of errors which are made by twelfth year students of
hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in using direct and indirect
speech.
4. To find out the dominant cause of error which is made by twelfth year students of
hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in using direct and indirect
speech.
1.4 Scope of the Study
In research, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been
chosen. All tenses in English have direct and indirect own rules. In this thesis, I only
Universitas Sumatera Utara
discuss direct and indirect speech that covers: simple present tense, present
continuous tense, simple past tense, and present perfect tense. I chose the above
tenses for students in grade twelfth because those are the basic tenses and they have
known about the tenses especially using direct and indirect speech in these tenses
well.
1.5 Significance of the Study
Theoretical purpose of the study is to contribute to teaching skills and
development of teachers’ qualities. While practical purpose is after a systematic
analysis, the teacher can determine the level of every learner and the knowledge that
is still to be taught. In other words, it tells the teacher how far towards the goal the
learner has progressed and what remains for him/her to learn. It also can be a
feedback for the teacher reflecting how effective he/she is in their teaching style and
what changes he/she has to make to reach higher performance from his/her students.
Universitas Sumatera Utara