EVOLUSI DAN PENGERTIAN TEKNOLOGI pdf
EVOLUSI DAN PENGERTI AN
TEKNOLOGI
Jenis & Klasifikasi Teknologi
Tingkat Teknologi
TI PE TEKNOLOGI
Materials Technology
Production Technology
Transportation Technology
Testing Technology
Processing Technology
Machining Technology
2
1
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI
a.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatan
b.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam produk
c.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam proses
d.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi
3
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (1)
New technology: new introducted or
implemented technology (explicit impact on
the way a company produces products or
provides services)
Emerging technology: not yet fully
commercialed but will become so within
about five year
High technology: refers to advanced or
sophisticated technologies
4
2
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (2)
Low technology: refers to technologies that
have permeated large segments of human
society
Medium technology: refers to mature
technologies
Appropriate technology: used to indicate a
good match between the technology utilized
and the resources required for its optimal use
5
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (3)
[ BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
Unsur : proses-proses teknis yang terdapat
secara khusus pada sesuatu bidang
Lima Unsur Teknologi:
(1) Tecnology of energy conversion and utilization:
Major types of energy useful to man
Devices & techniques for the utilization of energy
Devices for energy conversion
Devices for energy concentration & control
Devices for unlimited production of energy
6
3
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (4)
[ BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(2) Technology of tools & machines
Hand tools
Machines & machine components
Machine tools: stationary power-driven
machines for shaping & forming parts made
of metal or other materials
7
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (5)
[ BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(3) Technology of measurement, observation &
control
Theory of measurement
Units & standards of measurement
Principles & processes by which instruments of measurement operate
Common types of measuring instruments
Special instrument & apparatus used in scientific research
Major systems of measurement & observation
I nstrumentation & control systems
8
4
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (6)
[ BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(4) Technology involved in the extraction
& conversion of industrial raw materials
The world’s physical & biological resources
Technology of the extraction industries
Primary conversion of raw materials
9
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (7)
[ BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(5) Technology of industrial production
processes
Materials processing: the operations that are
used to transform industrial materials from a
raw-material state into finished parts or
products
Metallurgy
Materials handling in the production process
Technology of packaging
10
5
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (8)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia,
tujuan, barang & jasa yang mendatangkan
kemajuan teknologi
Delapan bidang pokok teknologi:
(1) Construction technology
General building construction
Construction of civil engineering works
Pre fabrication & shop fabrication
11
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (9)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(2) Technology of major industries
Principles of organization of work & production
Manufacturing industries
The fabrication industries
The process industries
The construction industries
The service industries
The merchandising & marketing of consumer goods
I ndustrial research & marketing of consumer goods
I ndustrial research & development
Technology of industrial safety
12
6
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (10)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(3) Technology of agriculture & food
production
Technology of agriculture
Crop farming, Flock & stock farming
Technology of hunting & fishing
Food processing, Food preservation
Techniques for controlling the quality of food
Food sources & new product development
The history of agriculture
13
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (11)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(4) Transportation technology
Roads & highways & their construction
Vehicles & devices for transportation across country
& roads & highways
Rail transportation
Stationary conveyance systems
Water transportation
Air transportation
Air - cushion machines
14
7
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (12)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(5) Technology of information processing & of
communications systems
Communication & information theory
Calculating devices, Office machines, Computers
General information recording devices
Sound recording & reproducing devices
I nformation recording by the production of visual image: the
technology of photography
I nformation processing
Major systems of communication
Major system of detection & remote sensing
Electronic component & techniques used in communications
15
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (13)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(6) Technology of the urban community
Basic engineering services of the city
Technology of the basic social services of the
city
Technological responses to new urban
problems
History of city engineering
16
8
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (14)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(7) Military technology
Offensive & defensive delivery & payload systems
Logistic systems
Purely defensive equipment & systems
(8) Technology of earth & space exploration
Techniques & equipment of surface & underground
exploration
Techniques & equipment of space exploration
Techniques & equipment & space exploration
17
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI
Parker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang
berhubungan dengan pengembangan produk
baru.
Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen)
Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly
technological goals, new knowledge, complex
systems, sophisticated tools of measurement,
analysis of abstract thinking.
Tingkat Teknologi: Kemampuan kontrol (9
tingkat).
18
9
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
Orders of
Automation
Human attribute replaced
Examples
A(0)
None: Lever (pengungkit), screw
(skrup), pulley (katrol), wedge
(baji)
Hand tools, manual machine
A(1)
Energy: muscles replaced
Powered machine and tools.
Whitney’s milling machine (giling)
A(2)
Dexterity (tangkas) : self-feeding
Single-cycle automatics
A(3)
Diligence: no feedback
Repeats cycle; open-loop machine
control; automatic screw machine;
transfer lines
A(4)
Judgment: positional
Closed loop; numerical control; selfmeasuring and–adjusting
Feedback
19
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
Orders of
Automation
Human attribute replaced
Examples
A(5)
Evaluation: adaptive control deductive
analysis: feedback from the process
Computer control; model of
process required for analysis and
optimization
A(6)
Learning: by experience
Limited self-programming expert
systems
A(7)
Reasoning: exhibits intuition; relates
causes from effects
I nductive reasoning; AI
A(8)
Creativeness: performs design unaided
Originality
A(9)
Dominance: supermachine; commands
others
Machine is master (Halfrom”2001,
A Space Odyssey
20
10
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
21
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
22
11
TEKNOLOGI
Jenis & Klasifikasi Teknologi
Tingkat Teknologi
TI PE TEKNOLOGI
Materials Technology
Production Technology
Transportation Technology
Testing Technology
Processing Technology
Machining Technology
2
1
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI
a.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatan
b.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam produk
c.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam proses
d.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi
3
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (1)
New technology: new introducted or
implemented technology (explicit impact on
the way a company produces products or
provides services)
Emerging technology: not yet fully
commercialed but will become so within
about five year
High technology: refers to advanced or
sophisticated technologies
4
2
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (2)
Low technology: refers to technologies that
have permeated large segments of human
society
Medium technology: refers to mature
technologies
Appropriate technology: used to indicate a
good match between the technology utilized
and the resources required for its optimal use
5
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (3)
[ BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
Unsur : proses-proses teknis yang terdapat
secara khusus pada sesuatu bidang
Lima Unsur Teknologi:
(1) Tecnology of energy conversion and utilization:
Major types of energy useful to man
Devices & techniques for the utilization of energy
Devices for energy conversion
Devices for energy concentration & control
Devices for unlimited production of energy
6
3
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (4)
[ BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(2) Technology of tools & machines
Hand tools
Machines & machine components
Machine tools: stationary power-driven
machines for shaping & forming parts made
of metal or other materials
7
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (5)
[ BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(3) Technology of measurement, observation &
control
Theory of measurement
Units & standards of measurement
Principles & processes by which instruments of measurement operate
Common types of measuring instruments
Special instrument & apparatus used in scientific research
Major systems of measurement & observation
I nstrumentation & control systems
8
4
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (6)
[ BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(4) Technology involved in the extraction
& conversion of industrial raw materials
The world’s physical & biological resources
Technology of the extraction industries
Primary conversion of raw materials
9
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (7)
[ BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(5) Technology of industrial production
processes
Materials processing: the operations that are
used to transform industrial materials from a
raw-material state into finished parts or
products
Metallurgy
Materials handling in the production process
Technology of packaging
10
5
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (8)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia,
tujuan, barang & jasa yang mendatangkan
kemajuan teknologi
Delapan bidang pokok teknologi:
(1) Construction technology
General building construction
Construction of civil engineering works
Pre fabrication & shop fabrication
11
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (9)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(2) Technology of major industries
Principles of organization of work & production
Manufacturing industries
The fabrication industries
The process industries
The construction industries
The service industries
The merchandising & marketing of consumer goods
I ndustrial research & marketing of consumer goods
I ndustrial research & development
Technology of industrial safety
12
6
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (10)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(3) Technology of agriculture & food
production
Technology of agriculture
Crop farming, Flock & stock farming
Technology of hunting & fishing
Food processing, Food preservation
Techniques for controlling the quality of food
Food sources & new product development
The history of agriculture
13
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (11)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(4) Transportation technology
Roads & highways & their construction
Vehicles & devices for transportation across country
& roads & highways
Rail transportation
Stationary conveyance systems
Water transportation
Air transportation
Air - cushion machines
14
7
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (12)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(5) Technology of information processing & of
communications systems
Communication & information theory
Calculating devices, Office machines, Computers
General information recording devices
Sound recording & reproducing devices
I nformation recording by the production of visual image: the
technology of photography
I nformation processing
Major systems of communication
Major system of detection & remote sensing
Electronic component & techniques used in communications
15
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (13)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(6) Technology of the urban community
Basic engineering services of the city
Technology of the basic social services of the
city
Technological responses to new urban
problems
History of city engineering
16
8
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (14)
[ BERDASARKAN BI DANG]
(7) Military technology
Offensive & defensive delivery & payload systems
Logistic systems
Purely defensive equipment & systems
(8) Technology of earth & space exploration
Techniques & equipment of surface & underground
exploration
Techniques & equipment of space exploration
Techniques & equipment & space exploration
17
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI
Parker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang
berhubungan dengan pengembangan produk
baru.
Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen)
Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly
technological goals, new knowledge, complex
systems, sophisticated tools of measurement,
analysis of abstract thinking.
Tingkat Teknologi: Kemampuan kontrol (9
tingkat).
18
9
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
Orders of
Automation
Human attribute replaced
Examples
A(0)
None: Lever (pengungkit), screw
(skrup), pulley (katrol), wedge
(baji)
Hand tools, manual machine
A(1)
Energy: muscles replaced
Powered machine and tools.
Whitney’s milling machine (giling)
A(2)
Dexterity (tangkas) : self-feeding
Single-cycle automatics
A(3)
Diligence: no feedback
Repeats cycle; open-loop machine
control; automatic screw machine;
transfer lines
A(4)
Judgment: positional
Closed loop; numerical control; selfmeasuring and–adjusting
Feedback
19
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
Orders of
Automation
Human attribute replaced
Examples
A(5)
Evaluation: adaptive control deductive
analysis: feedback from the process
Computer control; model of
process required for analysis and
optimization
A(6)
Learning: by experience
Limited self-programming expert
systems
A(7)
Reasoning: exhibits intuition; relates
causes from effects
I nductive reasoning; AI
A(8)
Creativeness: performs design unaided
Originality
A(9)
Dominance: supermachine; commands
others
Machine is master (Halfrom”2001,
A Space Odyssey
20
10
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
21
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
22
11