PENDAHULUAN EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI SISTEM KLASIFIKASI KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM TAKSONOMI PENDUGAAN (ASSESSING) FILOGENI MIKROBA DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY GARIS BESAR FILOGE

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

  I. PENDAHULUAN

  II. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA

  III. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI

  IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI

  

V. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM

TAKSONOMI

  VI. PENDUGAAN (ASSESSING) FILOGENI MIKROBA POKOK BAHASAN

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

  

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

POKOK BAHASAN

  A. ARCHAEA

  B. BACTERIA

  C. FUNGI

  D. ALGAE

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

A. ARCHAEA

1. PENDAHULUAN The archaea are quite diverse, both in morphology and physiology

  b. They may be spherical, rod-shaped, spiral, lobed, plate-shaped, irregularly shaped or pleomorphic

  c. They may exist as single cells, aggregates or filaments

  d. They may multiply by binary fission, budding, fragmentation, or other mechanisms

  e. They may be aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, or strictly anaerobic

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

A. ARCHAEA

2. Archaeal Taxonomy-the new edition of Bergey’s Manual will divide the archaea into two phyla:

  a. Phylum: Crenarchaeota

  b. Phylum: Euryarchaeota

  Many are extremely thermophilic, acidophilic, and sulfur-dependent 1) Sulfur may be used as an electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, or as an electron source by lithotrophs 2) Almost all are strict anaerobes 3) They grow in geothermally heated water or soils (solfatara) that contain elemental

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

  X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  A. ARCHAEA

  2. Archaeal Taxonomy-the new edition of Bergey’s Manual will divide the archaea into two phyla:

  b. Phylum: Crenarchaeota

  1) The Methanogens 2) The Halobacteria 3) The Thermoplasms 4) Extremely thermophilic S0 metabolizers

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

  

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

POKOK BAHASAN

  A. ARCHAEA

  B. BACTERIA

  C. FUNGI

  D. ALGAE

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

B. BAKTERIA

   Most widely accepted taxonomic classification for Most widely accepted taxonomic classification for bacteria is bacteria is

  Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bergey’s Manual of Systematic

  Bacteriology Bacteriology .

  .

   5000 bacterial species identified, 3100 classified.

  5000 bacterial species identified, 3100 classified.

  

Bacteria are divided into four

  

Bacteria are divided into four

divisions divisions (phyla) (phyla) according to the characteristics of their cell walls. according to the characteristics of their cell walls.

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

B. BAKTERIA

   according to: according to:

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

  

  Each division is divided into Each division is divided into sections

  

sections

• – Gram stain reaction Gram stain reaction
• – Cell shape
• – Cell arrangements

  Cell shape

• – Oxygen requirements

  Oxygen requirements

• – Motility

  Motility

• – Nutritional and metabolic properties Nutritional and metabolic properties _

  Each section contains several Each section contains several genera

  genera .

  .

  Cell arrangements

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

B. BAKTERIA

BEBERAPA KELOMPOK ANGGOTA BAKTERIA:

  1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

  2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

  3. Wall-Less Bacteria (Divisi III)

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

  a. Spirochetes

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

  a. Spirochetes

• – Helical shape. Flexible.

  Helical shape. Flexible.

• – Contain two or more axial filaments

  Contain two or more axial filaments (

  ( endoflagella endoflagella ).

  ).

• – Move in corkscrew pattern.
• – Medically important members: Medically important members:

   Treponema pallidum

  Treponema pallidum : Syphilis

  : Syphilis 

  Borrelia spp.: Borrelia spp.:

  Lyme disease, relapsing fever Lyme disease, relapsing fever

   Leptospira

  Leptospira : Leptospirosis

  : Leptospirosis

  Move in corkscrew pattern.

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X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)- lanjutan

  b. Aerobic, Motile, Helical/Vibroid Gram-Negative Bacteria

  b. Aerobic, Motile, Helical/Vibroid Gram-Negative Bacteria 

  Rigid helical shape or curved rods

  Rigid helical shape or curved rods

   Lack axial filaments (endoflagella); have polar flagella

  Lack axial filaments (endoflagella); have polar flagella instead. instead.

  Most are harmless aquatic organisms .

   Most are harmless aquatic organisms .

  Genus Azospirillum fixes nitrogen in soil.

   Genus Azospirillum fixes nitrogen in soil.

  Genus Bdellovibrio attacks other bacteria.

   Genus Bdellovibrio attacks other bacteria.

  

  Important pathogens include: Important pathogens include:

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I) -lanjutan c.

  c.

  Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci Contains many medically significant groups (Genera).

  Contains many medically significant groups (Genera).

   Pseudomonas

  Pseudomonas :

  : Rods with polar flagella. Many secrete pigments in media.

  Rods with polar flagella. Many secrete pigments in media.

• – Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  : Urinary tract infections (UTIs), Urinary tract infections (UTIs), septicemia, abcesses, burns, pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis septicemia, abcesses, burns, pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients, and meningitis. patients, and meningitis.

   Legionella

  Legionella :

  : Rods that live in natural waters. Frequently found in air

  Rods that live in natural waters. Frequently found in air conditioning systems, humidifiers, showers, spas, and fountains. conditioning systems, humidifiers, showers, spas, and fountains.

• – Legionella pneumophila

  Legionella pneumophila :

  : Legionnaires’ disease (pneumonia, 1976)

  Legionnaires’ disease (pneumonia, 1976) and Pontiac fever. and Pontiac fever.

  Pseudomonas aeruginosa :

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I) -lanjutan

  Moraxella Moraxella

  Genus Genus

  Genus Genus

   Whooping cough (P in DPT Whooping cough (P in DPT

  : :

  Bordetella pertussis Bordetella pertussis

   Nonmotile rods. Virulent forms have Nonmotile rods. Virulent forms have capsules. capsules.

  :

  :

  Bordetella Bordetella

  

  :

   Small nonmotile coccobacilli. All species are obligate parasites of mammals. All species are obligate parasites of mammals. Cause brucellosis. Can survive phagocytosis. Cause brucellosis. Can survive phagocytosis.

  

  Brucella Brucella

  Genus Genus

  

  : Conjunctivitis.

  Moraxella lacunata Moraxella lacunata : Conjunctivitis.

   Aerobic egg-shaped cocco-bacilli.

  

:

Aerobic egg-shaped cocco-bacilli.

  : : Small nonmotile coccobacilli.

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I) -lanjutan d.

d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods Many cause diseases of gastrointestinal tract; Many cause diseases of gastrointestinal tract; Contains three medically significant families. Contains three medically significant families. 1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) 1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics)

  _ Inhabit intestinal tracts of animals.

  Inhabit intestinal tracts of animals. _

Motile bacteria with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile.

  

Motile bacteria with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile.

_ Many have fimbriae for attachment to mucous membranes and sex Many have fimbriae for attachment to mucous membranes and sex

pili for exchange of DNA (antibiotic resistance genes)

pili for exchange of DNA (antibiotic resistance genes)

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

  d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods

  d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods 1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) Lanjutan

1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) Lanjutan

  _ Genus Salmonella : Almost all members are potential pathogens.

  Genus Salmonella : Almost all members are potential pathogens. Common inhabitants of animal GI tract. Can contaminate food (eggs, Common inhabitants of animal GI tract. Can contaminate food (eggs, meat). meat). _

Salmonella typhi : Typhoid fever, severe illness.

_

Salmonella typhi : Typhoid fever, severe illness.

  S. enteritidis : Causes salmonellosis, the second most common bacterial S. enteritidis : Causes salmonellosis, the second most common bacterial food-borne disease. Over 1.3 million cases/year in the U.S. _ food-borne disease. Over 1.3 million cases/year in the U.S.

  Genus Shigella : Only found in humans. Second most common cause of

  Genus Shigella : Only found in humans. Second most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea. traveler’s diarrhea.

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

  d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods

  d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods 1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) Lanjutan

1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) Lanjutan

  _

  Genus Proteus : Actively motile. Cause UTIs, wound infections,

  Genus Proteus : Actively motile. Cause UTIs, wound infections, and infant diarrhea (nosocomial). _ and infant diarrhea (nosocomial).

  Genus Yersinia :

  Genus Yersinia : _

  Yersinia pestis Yersinia pestis : Causes bubonic plague (black death). Transmitted : Causes bubonic plague (black death). Transmitted by fleas, respiratory droplet, and contact with animals. _ by fleas, respiratory droplet, and contact with animals.

  Genus Erwinia : Important plant pathogens. _ Genus Erwinia : Important plant pathogens.

  Genus Enterobacter : Cause UTIs and nosocomial infections..

  Genus Enterobacter : Cause UTIs and nosocomial infections..

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

  d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods

  d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods 2) Family Vibrionaceae 2) Family Vibrionaceae Found in aquatic habitats.

  Found in aquatic habitats.

  Straight or slightly curved rods

  Straight or slightly curved rods

   Genus Vibrio : Slightly curved rods.

  Genus Vibrio : Slightly curved rods.

  Vibrio cholerae : Cholera, profuse & watery diarrhea.

  Vibrio cholerae : Cholera, profuse & watery diarrhea.

• Vibrio parahaemolyticus : Gastroenteritis. Shellfish.

  Vibrio parahaemolyticus : Gastroenteritis. Shellfish.

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

  d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods

  d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods 3) Family Pasterellaceae 3) Family Pasterellaceae Found in aquatic habitats; Straight or slightly curved rods

  Found in aquatic habitats; Straight or slightly curved rods

   Genus Pasteurella : Pathogens of domestic Genus Pasteurella : Pathogens of domestic animals. animals.

   Important pathogens that inhabit Important pathogens that inhabit Genus Hemophilus : Genus Hemophilus : mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract, mouth,

  mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract. Require blood in culture. vagina, and intestinal tract. Require blood in culture. May be straight, helical, or curved.

• – Genus

  Genus

  Bacteroides Bacteroides

  

:

:

  Nonmotile Nonmotile .

  .

  Live in human Live in human intestinal tract (1 billion/gram of feces) and gum intestinal tract (1 billion/gram of feces) and gum crevices. Cause peritonitis, abscesses, and deep crevices. Cause peritonitis, abscesses, and deep tissue infections. tissue infections.

• – Genus

  Genus

  Fusobacterium Fusobacterium

  : :

  Long slender rods with Long slender rods with pointed tips. Found in gingival crevices, cause pointed tips. Found in gingival crevices, cause dental abscesses.

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I) e.

e. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods

   Obligate anaerobes that release H

  Obligate anaerobes that release H 2 S into the atmosphere.

  S into the atmosphere.

   Found in soil and intestinal tract of animals.

  Found in soil and intestinal tract of animals.

   Ecologically important.

  Ecologically important.

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I) f.

f. Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

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  B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

  g. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci

  g. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci Nonmotile cocci typically found in pairs.

  Genus Veillonella: Cause dental plaque

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I) h.

h. Rickettsias and Chlamydias Rickettsias and Chlamydias Gram negative bacteria; Obligate intracellular parasites.

  Rickettsias: Rod shaped bacteria or coccobacilli, highly pleomorphic. Transmitted to humans by insects and ticks (except for Coxiella burnetti which causes Q fever).

  Genus Ehrlichiae : Live in white blood cells. Genus Rickettsia : Cause spotted group fevers (Rocky mountain spotted fever, endemic typhus).

  Chlamydias Chlamydias

  : :

  Cocci shaped bacteria. Transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by Cocci shaped bacteria. Transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes. airborne respiratory routes.

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

B. BAKTERIA

BEBERAPA KELOMPOK ANGGOTA BAKTERIA:

  1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

  2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

  3. Wall-Less Bacteria (Divisi III)

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  B. BAKTERIA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

a. Gram-Positive Cocci

  Non-spore forming cocci.

   Non-spore forming cocci.

  Aerobic to strictly anaerobic.

   Aerobic to strictly anaerobic.

  

  Pyogenic (pus-forming) Pyogenic (pus-forming) Genus Staphylococcus : Tend to form grape-like clusters. Grow well under high – Genus Staphylococcus : Tend to form grape-like clusters. Grow well under high osmotic pressure and low moisture.

  osmotic pressure and low moisture.

  Very common infections, because almost always found on skin and in nasal mucous Very common infections, because almost always found on skin and in nasal mucous membranes. membranes.

  Staphylococcus aureus : (aureus = golden) Yellow pigmented colonies.

   Staphylococcus aureus : (aureus = golden) Yellow pigmented colonies.

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

a. Gram-Positive Cocci (lanjutan)

  

  Genus Streptococcus

  Genus Streptococcus :

  :

  Most are pathogens. Tend to appear in chains or pairs. Do not use Most are pathogens. Tend to appear in chains or pairs. Do not use oxygen, but most are aerotolerant. Classified based on their effect on red oxygen, but most are aerotolerant. Classified based on their effect on red blood cells (hemolysis). blood cells (hemolysis).

  

  Cause a wide range of diseases: Strep throat, respiratory infections, Cause a wide range of diseases: Strep throat, respiratory infections, abscesses, puerperal fever, and opportunistic infections. abscesses, puerperal fever, and opportunistic infections.

  

  A flesh eating Streptococcus strain emerged in 1994 and 1998. After A flesh eating Streptococcus strain emerged in 1994 and 1998. After initial infection, bacteria live on dead flesh, produce toxins, and are not initial infection, bacteria live on dead flesh, produce toxins, and are not

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

b. Endospore-Forming Gram-Positive Rods and Cocci

  Genus Bacillus

  Genus Clostridium

  .

  

  Causes tetanus (T in DPT vaccine).

  : Causes tetanus (T in DPT vaccine).

  Clostridium tetani :

  Clostridium tetani

  

  .

  Rod shaped bacteria, obligate anaerobes Rod shaped bacteria, obligate anaerobes .

  :

  Genus Clostridium :

  

  Genus Bacillus :

  .

  Aerobic to strictly anaerobic; Motile and nonmotile; Survive harsh Aerobic to strictly anaerobic; Motile and nonmotile; Survive harsh environmental conditions environmental conditions .

  Bacillus thuringiensis : :

  Bacillus thuringiensis

  

  .

  Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis : : Causes anthrax a disease of cattle. Large (4-8 um) Causes anthrax a disease of cattle. Large (4-8 um) nonmotile facultative anaerobe nonmotile facultative anaerobe .

  

  .

  Rod shaped bacteria Rod shaped bacteria .

  :

  Kills insects, used by gardeners Kills insects, used by gardeners .

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

b. Endospore-Forming Gram-Positive Rods and Cocci

  Genus Bacillus

  Genus Clostridium

  .

  

  Causes tetanus (T in DPT vaccine).

  : Causes tetanus (T in DPT vaccine).

  Clostridium tetani :

  Clostridium tetani

  

  .

  Rod shaped bacteria, obligate anaerobes Rod shaped bacteria, obligate anaerobes .

  :

  Genus Clostridium :

  

  Genus Bacillus :

  .

  Aerobic to strictly anaerobic; Motile and nonmotile; Survive harsh Aerobic to strictly anaerobic; Motile and nonmotile; Survive harsh environmental conditions environmental conditions .

  Bacillus thuringiensis : :

  Bacillus thuringiensis

  

  .

  Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis : : Causes anthrax a disease of cattle. Large (4-8 um) Causes anthrax a disease of cattle. Large (4-8 um) nonmotile facultative anaerobe nonmotile facultative anaerobe .

  

  .

  Rod shaped bacteria Rod shaped bacteria .

  :

  Kills insects, used by gardeners Kills insects, used by gardeners .

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

d. Irregular Nonsporing Gram-Positive Rods Club shaped (Corynebacteria); Pleomorphic; May be anaerobic or aerobic.

  Club shaped (Corynebacteria); Pleomorphic; May be anaerobic or aerobic. Corynebacterium diphtheriae

  Corynebacterium diphtheriae

  Important pathogens; Cause diphtheria (D in DPT vaccine); Important pathogens; Cause diphtheria (D in DPT vaccine); Propionibacterium acnes

  Propionibacterium acnes : Causes acne.

  : Causes acne.

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

e. Mycobacteria

  Aerobic, non-spore-forming rods.

• Aerobic, non-spore-forming rods.
• Stain Gram-positive, but cell wall structure is more similar to Gram-negative
• Waxy cell wall with mycolic acids (instead of peptidoglycan).
• Acid-fast, drug resistant, resistant to drying, and pathogenic due to waxy cell wall. Acid-fast, drug resistant, resistant to drying, and pathogenic due to waxy cell wall.
• Grow very slowly.
• Tend to cause chronic infections.
• Important pathogens:

  Stain Gram-positive, but cell wall structure is more similar to Gram-negative bacteria. bacteria.

  Waxy cell wall with mycolic acids (instead of peptidoglycan).

  Grow very slowly.

  Tend to cause chronic infections.

  Important pathogens:

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

f. Nocardioforms

  Gram-positive, filamentous, aerobic.

• Gram-positive, filamentous, aerobic.

  Many are acid fast.

• Many are acid fast.

  Common in soil.

• Common in soil.

  Genus Nocardia

  : Form filaments which fragment into short rods to : Form filaments which fragment into short rods to reproduce. reproduce.

• Genus Nocardia

   Nocardia asteroides Nocardia asteroides : Pulmonary infections, mycetoma, abscesses : Pulmonary infections, mycetoma, abscesses

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

g. Actinomycetes

  Gram-positive, filamentous, resemble molds.

• Gram-positive, filamentous, resemble molds.

  Common in soil.

• Common in soil.

  Genus Streptomyces

  : :

• Genus Streptomyces

   Live in soil. Live in soil.

   Give soil its musty odor. Give soil its musty odor.

   Produce hundreds of antibiotics Produce hundreds of antibiotics

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

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B. BAKTERIA

BEBERAPA KELOMPOK ANGGOTA BAKTERIA:

  1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

  2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

  3. Wall-Less Bacteria (Divisi III)

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME B. BAKTERIA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

3. Wall-Less Bacteria (Divisi III)

  Do not form cell walls

   Produce very small colonies (1 nm in diameter).

  

  Can pass through bacterial filters.

   Can pass through bacterial filters.

  Very small cells: 0.1 to 0.25 mm in diameter.

   Very small cells: 0.1 to 0.25 mm in diameter.

  Produce very small colonies (1 nm in diameter).

  Can produce filaments that resemble fungi.

  Do not form cell walls .

   Mycoplasmas Mycoplasmas

  Highly pleomorphic.

   Highly pleomorphic.

  Most are aerobes or facultative anaerobes.

   Most are aerobes or facultative anaerobes.

  .

   Can produce filaments that resemble fungi.

  Chapter Web Links The Tree of Life

The Tree of Life is a multi-authored, Internet project containing

information about the diversity of organisms on Earth, their

history, and characteristics. The information is linked together

in the form of the evolutionary tree that connects all organisms

to each other.