Perbedaan Ph, Laju Aliran Dan Kadar Ion Kalsium Saliva Pada Perokok Kretek Dan Bukan Perokok Di Kelurahan Padang Bulan Medan
47
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. World Health Organization 2013. Tobacco. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/
fact-Sheets/fs339/ (21 April 2015).
2. Statistik. Jumlah penduduk di seluruh dunia (2014-2015). http://statistik.ptkpt.
net/_a.php?_a=area&info1=6 (21 April 2015).
3. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia Desember 2013. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) 2013.
http://www.litbang.depkes.go.id/sites/download/materipertemuan/launchriskesdas
/Riskesdas%20Launching.pdf (21 April 2015).
4. Kurniawati M, Chusida A, Sumaryono B. Penurunan kapasitas dan aktivitas
antioksidan saliva akibat merokok. Media Oral Biology Dent J 2010; 2(1): 1-10.
5. Padmavathi P, Reddy VD, Varadacharyulu N. Influence of chronic cigarette
smoking on serum biochemical profile in male human volunteers. J of Health
Science 2009; 55(2): 265-70.
6. Kusuma ARP. Pengaruh merokok terhadap kesehatan gigi dan rongga mulut.
Majalah Sultan Agung 2011: 1-6.
7. Krasteva A, Kisselova A. Salivary acute phase proteins as biomarker in oral and
systemic disease. In: Veas F.eds. Acute phase proteins as early non-specific
biomarkers of human and veterinary disease. Croatia: InTech, 2011: 69-71.
8. Rad M, Kakole S, Brojeni FN, Pourdamghan N. Effect of long-term smoking on
whole-mouth salivary flow rate and oral health. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent
Prospects 2010; 4(4): 110-4.
9. Khan GJ, Javed M, Ishaq M. Effect of smoking on salivary flow rate. Gomal J of
Med Sci 2010; 8(2): 221-4.
10. Kanwar A, Sah K, Grover N, Chandra S, Singh RR. Long-term effect of tobacco
on resting whole mouth salivary flow rate and pH: an institutional based
comparative study. European J of General Dent 2013; 2(3): 296-9.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
48
11. Singh M, Ingle E. Effect of long-term smoking on salivary flow rate and salivary
pH. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2015; 13(1): 11-13.
12. Berkovitz B, Moxham B, Linden R, Sloan A. Master Dentistry. Volume Three.
Oral Biology. Toronto: Elsevier, 2011: 79-81.
13. Abed HH, Al-fatah JA, Mohana MH, Husseen AAA. Evaluation of calcium
concentration in saliva of iraqi male smokers. Al-Mustansiriyah J for
Pharmaceutical Science 2012; 11(1): 18-24.
14. Ekstrom J, Khosravani N, Castagnola M, Messana I. Saliva and the control of its
secretions. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2012: 19-25.
15. Almeida PDV, Gregio AMT, Machado MAN, de Lima AAS, Azvedo LR. Saliva
composition and functions: a comprehensive review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008;
9(3): 1-9.
16. Theobald HE. Dietary calcium and health. British Nutrition Foundation 2005; 30:
237-42.
17. Godoy FG, Hicks MD. Maintaining the integrity of the enamel surface. J Am
Dent Assoc 2008; 139 (Suppl): 255-262.
18. Khan GJ, Mehmood R, Din SU, Marwat FM, Haq IU, Rehman JU. Secretion of
calcium in the saliva of long-term tobacco users. J Ayub Med Col Abbottabad
2005; 17(4): 1-3.
19. Hassan AS, Al-sandook TA. Salivary calcium consentration in patients with high
insidence of calculus formation. Al-Rafidain Dent J 2005; 5(1): 88-90.
20. Kiss E, Sewon L, Gorzo I, Nagy K. Salivary calcium consentration in relation to
periodontal health of female tobacco smokers: a pilot study. Quintessence Int
2010; 41(9); 779-85.
21. Zabakova BE, Stefanovska E, Ivanovski K. Correlation between dental health
status and saliva. Original Scientific Article 2013; 2(2): 100-4.
22. Walsh LJ. Clinical aspects of salivary biology for the dental clinician. J of Minim
Interv Dent 2008; 1(1): 7-15.
23. Handajani J, Puspita RM, Amelia R. Pemakaian kontrasepsi pil dan suntik
menaikkan pH dan volume saliva. Dentika Dent J 2010; 15(1): 1-5.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
49
24. Manson JD, Eley BM. Periodontics.5 th ed., London: Elsevier, 2004: 21.
25. Motamayel A, Davoodi F, Dalband P, Hendi SS. Saliva as a mirror of the body
health. Avicenna Journal of Dental Research 2010; 1(2): 1-5.
26. Lima DP, Diniz DG, Moimaz SAS, Sumida DH, Okamoto AC. Saliva: reflection
of the body. Int J of Infec Dis 2010; 14(3): 184-8.
27. Edgar M, Dawes C, O’Mullane D. Saliva and oral health. 4 th ed., United
Kingdom: Stephen Hancocks Limited, 2012: 2.
28. C Scully. Effects on salivary glands: dry mouth. Article in Oral Disease 2003;
9(10): 165-7.
29. Ferreira JN, Hoffman MP. Interactions between developing nerves and salivary
glands. Organogenesis 2013: 9(3); 199-202.
30. Garett JR, Ekstrom J, Anderson LC. Neural mechanisms of salivary gland
secretion. Basel: Kager, 1999; 35-40.
31. Arta IPK. Perbedaan pH saliva pada perokok putih dan perokok kretek sesaat
setelah merokok. http://unmas-library.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/I-PutuKrisna-Parama-Arta-_028G10_.pdf (22 April 2015).
32. Houtkooper L, Farell VA. Calcium suplement guidelines. The University of
Arizona Cooperative Extension: AZ 1042: 1-4.
33. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 tahun 2003. Pengamanan
rokok bagi kesehatan. http://portal.mahkamahkonstitusi.go.id/eLaw/mg58ufsC89Hrsg/pp192003.pdf. (30 April 2015).
34. Wismanto YB, Sarwo YB. Strategi penghentian perilaku merokok. Semarang:
Unika Soegijapranata 2007: 7-15.
35. Fikriyah S, Febrijanto Y. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi merokok pada
mahasiswa laki-laki di asrama putra. Jurnal STIKES 2012; 5(1): 99-101.
36. Bernhard D. Cigarette smoke toxicity. Austria: Wiley-VCH, 2011: 67-73.
37. Ramdhani M, Penerapan teknik kontrol diri untuk mengurangi konsumsi rokok
pada kategori perokok ringan. Jurnal Sains dan Praktik Psikologi 2013; 1(3): 2404.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
50
38. Geiss O, Kotzias D. Tobacco, cigarettes and cigarette smoke. Institute for Health
and Consumer Protection 2007: 45-52.
39. Fitria, Triandhini RR, Mangimbulude JC., Karwur FF. Merokok dan oksidasi dna.
Sains Medika 2013; 5(2): 120-2.
40. Levin L, Baruch OK. Cigarette smoking and the alveolar bone around teeth and
dental implants. The New York State Dent J 2013; 79(5): 53-7.
41. Pejcic A, Obradovic R, Kesic L, Kojovic D. Smoking and periodontal disease a
review. Medicine and biology 2007; 14(2): 53-6.
42. Kapoor D, Jain R, Kapoor P, Jain M. Smoking and its effect on periodontium: a
review. Indian J of Dent Sci 2013; 5(2): 136-9.
43. Sham A et al. The effects of tobacco use on oral health. Hong Kong Medical
Journal 2003; 9: 271-7.
44. Vellappally S, Fiala Z, Smejkalova J, Jacob V. Shriharsha. Influence of tobacco
use in dental caries development. Cent Eur J Public Health 2007; 15(3): 115-7.
45. Bonda PLF, Migliario M, Rocchetti V, Pattarino F, Bonda AF. Daily and
annually variation of unstimulated whole saliva flow rate and pH and their
relation with body profile in healthy young adults. European Review for Med and
Pharmalogical Sci 2013; 17: 2538-9.
46. Asmin LO. Spektrofotometer serapan atom. http://wardahankbjm.blogspot.com/2013/04/makalah-ssa.html (25 April 2015).
47. Dokumentasi Penelitian.
48. Noormaniah FD, Hidayatullah TA. Manifestasi penyakit sistemik pada rongga
mulut. www.academia.edu/12902310/MANIFESTASI_PENYAKIT_SISTEMIK_PADA_RONGGA_MULUT. (24 Januari 2016).
49. Mata AD, Marques D, Rocha S, Francisco H, Santos C, Mesquita MF, dkk.
Effects of diabetes mellitus on salivary secretion and its composition in the
human. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 261 (1-2): 137-42.
50. Miranda-Rius J, Brunet-Llobet L, Lahor-Soler E, Farre M. Salivary secretory
disorders, inducing drugs, and clinical management. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12 (10):
811-6.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
51
51. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kemenkes luncurkan hasil survei
tembakau. www.depkes.go.id/article/print/2048/kemenkes-luncurkan-hasil-survei
-tembakau.html. (24 Januari 2016).
52. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Masalah merokok di Indonesia.
www.promkes.depkes.go.id/dl/factsheet1cov.pdf. (24 Januari 2016).
53. Kidd MAE, Bechal JS. Dasar-dasar karies: penyakit dan penanggulangan. Alih
bahasa. Narlan sumawinata, Lilian Yuwona. Jakarta: EGC, 2012: 1-5,56-73.
54. Gondodiputro S. Bahaya tembakau dan bentuk-bentuk sediaan tembakau. Bagian
Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 2007; 8-12.
55. Syifa
N.
Peran
rokok
terhadap
derajat
keasaman
(pH)
saliva.
http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/29530 (10 maret 2016).
56. Petrusic N, Posavac M, Sabol I, Stipetic MM. The effect of tobacco smoking on
salivation. Original Sci Paper 2015; 49(4): 309-15.
57. Hasibuan S. Keluhan mulut kering ditinjau dari faktor penyebab, manifestasi dan
penanggulangannya. USU digital library 2002; 1-4.
58. Alharbi WDM. Electrolyte changes in cigarette smoking male students. Pakistan J
of Pharmacology 2012; 29 (1): 33-8.
59. Homann V, Saffran EK, Arnold WH, Gaegler P, Kinne RKH. Calcium transport
in human salivary glands: a proposed model of calcium secretion into saliva.
Histochem Cell Bio 2006; 125: 583.
60. Wong DT. Salivary diagnostics. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008: 27.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. World Health Organization 2013. Tobacco. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/
fact-Sheets/fs339/ (21 April 2015).
2. Statistik. Jumlah penduduk di seluruh dunia (2014-2015). http://statistik.ptkpt.
net/_a.php?_a=area&info1=6 (21 April 2015).
3. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia Desember 2013. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) 2013.
http://www.litbang.depkes.go.id/sites/download/materipertemuan/launchriskesdas
/Riskesdas%20Launching.pdf (21 April 2015).
4. Kurniawati M, Chusida A, Sumaryono B. Penurunan kapasitas dan aktivitas
antioksidan saliva akibat merokok. Media Oral Biology Dent J 2010; 2(1): 1-10.
5. Padmavathi P, Reddy VD, Varadacharyulu N. Influence of chronic cigarette
smoking on serum biochemical profile in male human volunteers. J of Health
Science 2009; 55(2): 265-70.
6. Kusuma ARP. Pengaruh merokok terhadap kesehatan gigi dan rongga mulut.
Majalah Sultan Agung 2011: 1-6.
7. Krasteva A, Kisselova A. Salivary acute phase proteins as biomarker in oral and
systemic disease. In: Veas F.eds. Acute phase proteins as early non-specific
biomarkers of human and veterinary disease. Croatia: InTech, 2011: 69-71.
8. Rad M, Kakole S, Brojeni FN, Pourdamghan N. Effect of long-term smoking on
whole-mouth salivary flow rate and oral health. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent
Prospects 2010; 4(4): 110-4.
9. Khan GJ, Javed M, Ishaq M. Effect of smoking on salivary flow rate. Gomal J of
Med Sci 2010; 8(2): 221-4.
10. Kanwar A, Sah K, Grover N, Chandra S, Singh RR. Long-term effect of tobacco
on resting whole mouth salivary flow rate and pH: an institutional based
comparative study. European J of General Dent 2013; 2(3): 296-9.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
48
11. Singh M, Ingle E. Effect of long-term smoking on salivary flow rate and salivary
pH. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2015; 13(1): 11-13.
12. Berkovitz B, Moxham B, Linden R, Sloan A. Master Dentistry. Volume Three.
Oral Biology. Toronto: Elsevier, 2011: 79-81.
13. Abed HH, Al-fatah JA, Mohana MH, Husseen AAA. Evaluation of calcium
concentration in saliva of iraqi male smokers. Al-Mustansiriyah J for
Pharmaceutical Science 2012; 11(1): 18-24.
14. Ekstrom J, Khosravani N, Castagnola M, Messana I. Saliva and the control of its
secretions. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2012: 19-25.
15. Almeida PDV, Gregio AMT, Machado MAN, de Lima AAS, Azvedo LR. Saliva
composition and functions: a comprehensive review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008;
9(3): 1-9.
16. Theobald HE. Dietary calcium and health. British Nutrition Foundation 2005; 30:
237-42.
17. Godoy FG, Hicks MD. Maintaining the integrity of the enamel surface. J Am
Dent Assoc 2008; 139 (Suppl): 255-262.
18. Khan GJ, Mehmood R, Din SU, Marwat FM, Haq IU, Rehman JU. Secretion of
calcium in the saliva of long-term tobacco users. J Ayub Med Col Abbottabad
2005; 17(4): 1-3.
19. Hassan AS, Al-sandook TA. Salivary calcium consentration in patients with high
insidence of calculus formation. Al-Rafidain Dent J 2005; 5(1): 88-90.
20. Kiss E, Sewon L, Gorzo I, Nagy K. Salivary calcium consentration in relation to
periodontal health of female tobacco smokers: a pilot study. Quintessence Int
2010; 41(9); 779-85.
21. Zabakova BE, Stefanovska E, Ivanovski K. Correlation between dental health
status and saliva. Original Scientific Article 2013; 2(2): 100-4.
22. Walsh LJ. Clinical aspects of salivary biology for the dental clinician. J of Minim
Interv Dent 2008; 1(1): 7-15.
23. Handajani J, Puspita RM, Amelia R. Pemakaian kontrasepsi pil dan suntik
menaikkan pH dan volume saliva. Dentika Dent J 2010; 15(1): 1-5.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
49
24. Manson JD, Eley BM. Periodontics.5 th ed., London: Elsevier, 2004: 21.
25. Motamayel A, Davoodi F, Dalband P, Hendi SS. Saliva as a mirror of the body
health. Avicenna Journal of Dental Research 2010; 1(2): 1-5.
26. Lima DP, Diniz DG, Moimaz SAS, Sumida DH, Okamoto AC. Saliva: reflection
of the body. Int J of Infec Dis 2010; 14(3): 184-8.
27. Edgar M, Dawes C, O’Mullane D. Saliva and oral health. 4 th ed., United
Kingdom: Stephen Hancocks Limited, 2012: 2.
28. C Scully. Effects on salivary glands: dry mouth. Article in Oral Disease 2003;
9(10): 165-7.
29. Ferreira JN, Hoffman MP. Interactions between developing nerves and salivary
glands. Organogenesis 2013: 9(3); 199-202.
30. Garett JR, Ekstrom J, Anderson LC. Neural mechanisms of salivary gland
secretion. Basel: Kager, 1999; 35-40.
31. Arta IPK. Perbedaan pH saliva pada perokok putih dan perokok kretek sesaat
setelah merokok. http://unmas-library.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/I-PutuKrisna-Parama-Arta-_028G10_.pdf (22 April 2015).
32. Houtkooper L, Farell VA. Calcium suplement guidelines. The University of
Arizona Cooperative Extension: AZ 1042: 1-4.
33. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 tahun 2003. Pengamanan
rokok bagi kesehatan. http://portal.mahkamahkonstitusi.go.id/eLaw/mg58ufsC89Hrsg/pp192003.pdf. (30 April 2015).
34. Wismanto YB, Sarwo YB. Strategi penghentian perilaku merokok. Semarang:
Unika Soegijapranata 2007: 7-15.
35. Fikriyah S, Febrijanto Y. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi merokok pada
mahasiswa laki-laki di asrama putra. Jurnal STIKES 2012; 5(1): 99-101.
36. Bernhard D. Cigarette smoke toxicity. Austria: Wiley-VCH, 2011: 67-73.
37. Ramdhani M, Penerapan teknik kontrol diri untuk mengurangi konsumsi rokok
pada kategori perokok ringan. Jurnal Sains dan Praktik Psikologi 2013; 1(3): 2404.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
50
38. Geiss O, Kotzias D. Tobacco, cigarettes and cigarette smoke. Institute for Health
and Consumer Protection 2007: 45-52.
39. Fitria, Triandhini RR, Mangimbulude JC., Karwur FF. Merokok dan oksidasi dna.
Sains Medika 2013; 5(2): 120-2.
40. Levin L, Baruch OK. Cigarette smoking and the alveolar bone around teeth and
dental implants. The New York State Dent J 2013; 79(5): 53-7.
41. Pejcic A, Obradovic R, Kesic L, Kojovic D. Smoking and periodontal disease a
review. Medicine and biology 2007; 14(2): 53-6.
42. Kapoor D, Jain R, Kapoor P, Jain M. Smoking and its effect on periodontium: a
review. Indian J of Dent Sci 2013; 5(2): 136-9.
43. Sham A et al. The effects of tobacco use on oral health. Hong Kong Medical
Journal 2003; 9: 271-7.
44. Vellappally S, Fiala Z, Smejkalova J, Jacob V. Shriharsha. Influence of tobacco
use in dental caries development. Cent Eur J Public Health 2007; 15(3): 115-7.
45. Bonda PLF, Migliario M, Rocchetti V, Pattarino F, Bonda AF. Daily and
annually variation of unstimulated whole saliva flow rate and pH and their
relation with body profile in healthy young adults. European Review for Med and
Pharmalogical Sci 2013; 17: 2538-9.
46. Asmin LO. Spektrofotometer serapan atom. http://wardahankbjm.blogspot.com/2013/04/makalah-ssa.html (25 April 2015).
47. Dokumentasi Penelitian.
48. Noormaniah FD, Hidayatullah TA. Manifestasi penyakit sistemik pada rongga
mulut. www.academia.edu/12902310/MANIFESTASI_PENYAKIT_SISTEMIK_PADA_RONGGA_MULUT. (24 Januari 2016).
49. Mata AD, Marques D, Rocha S, Francisco H, Santos C, Mesquita MF, dkk.
Effects of diabetes mellitus on salivary secretion and its composition in the
human. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 261 (1-2): 137-42.
50. Miranda-Rius J, Brunet-Llobet L, Lahor-Soler E, Farre M. Salivary secretory
disorders, inducing drugs, and clinical management. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12 (10):
811-6.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
51
51. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kemenkes luncurkan hasil survei
tembakau. www.depkes.go.id/article/print/2048/kemenkes-luncurkan-hasil-survei
-tembakau.html. (24 Januari 2016).
52. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Masalah merokok di Indonesia.
www.promkes.depkes.go.id/dl/factsheet1cov.pdf. (24 Januari 2016).
53. Kidd MAE, Bechal JS. Dasar-dasar karies: penyakit dan penanggulangan. Alih
bahasa. Narlan sumawinata, Lilian Yuwona. Jakarta: EGC, 2012: 1-5,56-73.
54. Gondodiputro S. Bahaya tembakau dan bentuk-bentuk sediaan tembakau. Bagian
Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 2007; 8-12.
55. Syifa
N.
Peran
rokok
terhadap
derajat
keasaman
(pH)
saliva.
http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/29530 (10 maret 2016).
56. Petrusic N, Posavac M, Sabol I, Stipetic MM. The effect of tobacco smoking on
salivation. Original Sci Paper 2015; 49(4): 309-15.
57. Hasibuan S. Keluhan mulut kering ditinjau dari faktor penyebab, manifestasi dan
penanggulangannya. USU digital library 2002; 1-4.
58. Alharbi WDM. Electrolyte changes in cigarette smoking male students. Pakistan J
of Pharmacology 2012; 29 (1): 33-8.
59. Homann V, Saffran EK, Arnold WH, Gaegler P, Kinne RKH. Calcium transport
in human salivary glands: a proposed model of calcium secretion into saliva.
Histochem Cell Bio 2006; 125: 583.
60. Wong DT. Salivary diagnostics. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008: 27.
Universitas Sumatera Utara